UN Human Rights Treaties

UNITED NATIONS

A S

General Assembly

Security Council

Distr. GENERAL
A/48/207
S/25936
14 June 1993
ORIGINAL: ENGLISH

GENERAL ASSEMBLY
Forty-eighth sessions
Items 109, 110, 114 and 115 (b) of the preliminary list*
RIGHT OF PEOPLES TO SELF-DETERMINATION
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING QUESTIONS RELATING TO THE WORLD SOCIAL SITUATION AND TO YOUTH, AGEING, DISABLED PERSONS AND THE FAMILY
REPORT OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH
COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES, QUESTIONS RELATING TO REFUGEES, RETURNEES AND DISPLACED PERSONS AND HUMANITARIAN QUESTIONS
HUMAN RIGHTS QUESTIONS: HUMAN RIGHTS QUESTIONS, INCLUDING ALTERNATIVE APPROACHES FOR IMPROVING THE EFFECTIVE ENJOYMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS

SECURITY COUNCIL Forty-eighth year

Letter dated 11 June 1993 from the Charge d'affaires a.i. of the Permanent Mission of Yugoslavia to the United Nations addressed
To the Secretary-General
I have the honor to transmit herewith information on the adverse effects of sanctions on the enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (see annex).**
I should be grateful if you would have this letter and its annex circulated as an official document of the General Assembly, under agenda items 109, 110, 114 and 115 (b) of the preliminary list, and of the Security Council.
(Signed)Dragomir DJOKIC Ambassad Charge d'affaires a.i.
* A/48/50.
** The annex is being circulated in the original language of submission only.

ANNEX
CONTENTS
Page
United Nations sanctions imposed on the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
in the light of the norms of international law on equality and
Self-determination of peoples and respect for fundamental human rights. 2
Sanctions and health 5
Position and problems of children (refugee children included) in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as a consequence of the war in the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and of the imposition of sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . 7
Adverse effects of the sanctions imposed by the United Nations Security
Council resolution 757 (1992) in respect of international educational
And cultural cooperation 11
Sanctions of the United Nations Security Council and minority rights in
The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 14
United Nations sanctions and scientific and technological development
In the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia 16
Environmental impact of sanctions against the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia 18
Sanctions and social benefits remittances to Yugoslavia 19
Security Council sanctions imposed in the field of transport and
communications 20
Sports and sanctions 22
Aide-memoire on the refugee problem in the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia 23
The latest data on the number and structure of refugees from the former
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia and their social status 26

UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS IMPOSED ON THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA I N LIGHT OF THE NORMS OF INTERNATIONAL LAW ON EQUALTY AND SELF-DETERMINATION OF PEOPLES AND RESPECT FOR FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS
I
THE YUGOSLAV CRISIS CAU8ED BY FORCIBLE AND UNCONSTITUTIONAL SECESSION OF SOME REPUBLICS COMPOSING FORMER YUGOSLAVIA BROUGHT ABOUT NATIONAL AND RELIGIOUS CONFLCT Of ENORMOUS PROPORTIONS. WE ARE CONCERNED AND ALARMED AT THE PRESENT SITUATION WHICH MAKES IT INCUMBENT UPON US TO INVEST FURTHER EFFORTS TOWARDS FINDING A PEACEFUL AND JUST SOLUTION IN THE INTEREST OF ALL PEOPLES WHO LIVED IN THE FORMER YUGOSLAV FEDERATION.
THE PAST EFFORTS OF THE ENT1HE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY, THROUGH UN, CSCE AND EC FORA, HAVE NOT, UNFORTUNATELY, YIELDED SATISFACTORY RESULTS
ONE-SIDED AND POLITICALLY MOTIVATED UN SANCTIONS AGAINST THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA DISREGARD THE ACTUAL AND LEGAL SITUATION CREATED BY CONFLICTS IN THE TERRITORY OF BOSMA-HERZEGOVNA AND IGNORETHE ROLE OF CROATIA AND OTHER INTERNAL AND OUTSIDE FACTORS IN THIS CONFLICT IN THE DEEPENING OF THE CROTIA AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL IS INCONSISTENT WITH THE CHARACTER OF THE PEACE INITIATIVE THE UNITED NATIONS SHOULD BE GUIDED BY, AS WELL AS BY ITS GOALS AND THE NATURE OF ACTIVITIES. THE IMPOSITION Of THE WILL OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY THROUGH SANCTIONS IS BEING JUSTIFIED BY HIGHER INTERESTS OF PEACE AND STABILITY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS WITHIN THE YUGOSLAV, BALKAN AND BROADER EUROPEAN FRAMEWORK AS WELL AS BY HUMANITARIAN CONCERNS.
THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS ON THE PA OF YUGOSLAVIA IS SINGULAR ILLUSTRATION OF DOUBLE-STANDARD APPROACH TO THE EXERCISE OF THE RIGHT OF THE CONSTITUENT PEOPLES IN FORMER YUGOSLAVIA TO SELF-DETERMINATION. IN THIS CONTEXT, LET US RECALL THAT THE PROCLAMATION OF NEW STATES IN THE TERRITORY OF FORMER YUGOSLAVIA HAS BEEN WELCOMED BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY AS A KIND OF ACHIEVEMENT IN THE EXERCISE OF THE DEMOCRATIC RIGHT OF NATIONS TO SELF-DETERMINATION, WHEREAS THE SERB NATION'S INVOCATION OF THE SAME RIGHT AIMED AT RESOLVING ITS OWN POLITICAL AND LEGAL STATUS, HAS BEEN MET WITH OPEN OPPOSITION AND THE STRONGEST CONDEMNATION. THUS, SERBS BECAME A PEOPLE WHO WERE DENIED THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION AND CONTINUATION OF LIFE IN THEIR OWN STATE THEY WERE ACCUSED OF ‘AGGRESSION' AND ‘OOCUPATION’ OF TERRITORIES IN WHICH THEY LIVED FOR CENTURIES AS THE MAJORITY POPULATION. THE WORLD PUBLIC WELCOMED THE DEMOLITION OF THE BERLIN WALL AND THE UNFICATION OF THE GERMAN PEOPLE. THEREFORE, IT IS ABSURD THAT THE SAME PUBLIC SUPPORTS THE ERECTION OF ANOTHER WALL WHICH DIVIDES AN EUROPEAN PEOPLE -SERBS.
FURTHERMORE, THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA IS DENIED IT’S INTERNATIONAL AND LEGAL PERSONALITY AND * MEMBERSHIP IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS. IN THIS, THE FACT THAT THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA WHOSE REPUBLICS SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO WERE INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNIZED STATES EVEN BEFORE THE CREATION OF YUGOSLAVIA IN 1918. HAS CONTINUED YUG08LAWS PERSONALITY WHICH HAS EXISTED FOR OVER 70 YEARS IS TOTALLY IGNORED.
BY RECOGNIZING SECESSIONIST REPUBLICS, THE INTERNATIONALLY RECOGNIZED BORDERS OF YUGOSLAVIA WERE VIOLATED, WHLE ADMINISTRATIVE BORDERS AMONG FEDERAL UNITS WERE PROCLAIMED STATE BORDERS. IN SUCH A MANNER, IT WAS ONLY THE SERB PEOPLE WHO, AS THE MAJORITY PEOPLE LIVING IN MANY PARTS OF FORMER SFRY, WAS DENED THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION N THE TERRITORIES OUTSIDE ADMINISTRATIVE BORDERS OF THE FEDERAL UNIT OF THE REPUBLIC Of SERBIA
IN THIS CONNECTION, ONE SHOULD RECALL THAT THE PRINCIPLES OF THE EQUAULITY AND SELF-DETERMINATION OF PEOPLES, ENSHRINED IN THE UNITED NATIONS DECLARATION ON THE PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW CONCERNING FRIENDLY RELATIONS AND COOPERATION BETWEEN STATES, PROVIDE FOR AT THE GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LEVEL THE RIGHT TO FREE AND UNIMPEDED DEVELOPMENT OF EVERY PEOPLE REGARDLESS OF THE STATUS OF TERRITORY OR STATE WITHIN WHOSE BOROERS IT UVES. THE UNIVERSAL PRINCIPLE OF SELF-DETERMINATION OF ALL PEOPLES HAS BEEN TAKEN OVER FROM THE DECLARATION ON THE GRANTING OF INDEPENDENCE TO COLONIAL COUNTRIES AND PEOPLES AND FROM THE BILL OF HUMAN RIGHTS.
II
IN UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 757 OF 30 MAY 1982 IT IS EXPLICITLY SAID THAT THE MEASURES OF ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AGAINST THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA ARE BEING IMPOSED ALSO BECAUSE OF THE NEED FOR THE EFFECTIVE PROTECTION OF HUMAN WQHT8 AND FUNDAMENTAL FREEDOMS INCLUDING THOSE OF ETHNIC MINORITIES*. HOWEVER, IT SOON BECAME APPARENT THAT THE MEASURES IMPOSED BY THIS RESOLUTION, PARTICULARLY THE INSISTENCE ON THElR STRICT IMPLEMENTATION, HAD MADE THE GOAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS EVER MORE DIFFICULT TO ACHIEVE AND ACCOUNTED FOR THE INCREASING LOSS OF FAITH IN THE FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE DIGNITY AND WORTH OF THE HUMAN PERSON ENSHRINED IN THE CKAFITEH AS WELL AS IN THE EQUAL RIGHTS OF NATIONS LARGE AND SMALL
ADMIDETEDLY, THE PROVISIONS OF RESOLUTION 757 DO NOT QUESTION THE NEED TO RESPECT FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS. HOWEVER, BY THEIR CONTENT, THE MEASURES OF ECONOMIC SANCTIONS IMPOSED AGAINST THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA BY THE RESOLUTION GO A LONG WAY IN DOING PRECISELY THAT AS THEY CREATE

THE CONDITIONS N WHICH THE GfTI2ENS IN THE FR Of YUGOSLAVIA FIND FT EVER MORE DIFFICULT TO EXERCISE EVEN THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS. THE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF THE SANCTIONS IN EVERYDAY LIFE IN THE CONDITIONS OF MOUNTING ECONOMIC RECESSION AND DISRUPTION OF FOREIGN TRADE AND MONETARY TRANSACTIONS HAVE HAD A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THE EXERCISE OF MANY UNIVERSAL HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL FIELDS AND, BY EXTENSION, ON THE SATISFACTION OF ESSENTIAL HUMAN NEEDS.
THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY IN ENSURING RESPECT FOR, AND INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF, HUMAN RIGHTS HAVE BEEN SERIOUSLY WPAIRED BY THE IMPOSITION OF UN SANCTIONS AGAINST THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA. "IT HAS BECOME EVIDENT THAT SOME OF THE MEASURES ARE IN DIRECT CONTRAVENTION OF IUS COGENS OF GENERAL INTERNATIONAL LAW. THUS, THE SUSPENSION OF ALL FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS WITH THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA HAS ACCOUNTED FOR THE SUSPENSION OF PAYMENT OF SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS TO RECIPIENTS IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA, WHICH IS CONTRARY TO ARTICLE 9 OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS GUARANTEEING THE RIGHT OF EVERYONE TO SOCIAL SECURITY AND INSURANCE. CONSEQUENTLY, EVEN THOSE HUMAN RIGHTS CONSIDERED AT THE PRESENT-DAY LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY TO BE THE BASIC RIGHTS FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF PROTECTION OF UFE AND HEALTH AND THE RESPECT FOR PERSONAL DIGNITY AND HONOUR CANNOT BE GUARANTEED.
THE SUSPENSION OF SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND CULTURAL COOPERATION BY THE UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS IS INCOMPATIBLE WITH THE OBLIGATIONS OF STATES UNDER ARTICLE 15, PARA 4, OF THE SAME COVENANT RELATING TO THE ENCOURAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL TIES ANO COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE AND CULTURE.
THE GENERAL TREND OF DETERIORATING LIVING CONDITIONS IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA CAUSED BY UN SANCTIONS IS CONTRARY ALSO TO THE COERCIVE NATURE OF THE EFFECT OF THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL NORMS CONTAINED IN THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS ANO ARTICLE 11, PARAS 1 AND 2, OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS RECOGNIZING THE RIGHT OF EVERYONE TO AN ADEQUATE STANDARD OF LIVING FOR HIMSELF AND HIS FAMILY, INCLUDING ADEQUATE FOOD, CLOTHING AND HOUSING, AND TO THE CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT OF LIVING CONDITION* AS WELL AS THE FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT OF EVERYONE TO BE FREE FROM HUNGER
THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS IN THE FIELD OF CULTURE AND EDUCATION IS IN DIRECT CONTRAVENTION OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS WHICH, IN (TS ARTICLE 27, PROVIDES THAT EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT FREELY TO PARTICIPATE IN THE CULTURAL LIFE OF THE COMMUNITY, TO ENJOY THE ARTS AND TO SHARE IN SCIENTIFIC ADVANCEMENT AND ITS BENEFITS. FURTHERMORE. ARTICLE 18 OF THE COVENANT ON CIVIL ANO POLITICAL RIGHTS ENVISAGES THE RIGHT OF EVERYONE TO EXCHANGE ALL KINDS Off INFORMATION EDUCATION, SCIENCE, CULTURE AND COMMUNICATIONS HAVE ACHIEVED TODAY SUCH A LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENTTHAT THEIR UNHAMPERED COMPREHENSIVE DEVELOPMENT IS "INCONCEIVABLE WITHIN NARROW NATIONAL BOUNDARIES OF A COUNTRY WITHOUT COOPERATION, COORDINATION AND JOINT PROJECTS IN SCIENTIFIC, EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL ACTIONS IN BROADER REGIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGES.
THE EFFECTS OF THE UN SANCTIONS HAVE EVEN MORE SERIOUS IMPLICATIONS IN EVERYDAY LIFE ALSO AS A RESULT OF THE FAILURE OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL COMMITTEE ESTABLISHED PURSUANT TO RESOLUTION 724 {1991) CONCERNING YUGOSLAVIA TO MEET THE ESSENTIAL HUMAN NEEDS OF THE POPULATION IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA. TURNING A DEAF EAR BY THE COMMITTEE TO THE REQUEST Of THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA FOR THE IMPORT OF FUELS, MEDICINE ANO MEDICAL EQUIPMENT, NECESSARY TO MEET THE ESSENTIAL HUMAN NEEDS, B CONTRARY TO THE PRINCIPLES CONTAINED IN THE PREAMBLE OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND INTERNATIONAL COVENANTS ON HUMAN RIGHTS WHICH RECOGNIZE. IN ORDER TO GUARANTEE THE EQUALITY OF ALL MEMBERS OF THE HUMAN FAMILY, THE INHERENT DIGNITY AND EQUAL AND INALIENABLE RIGHTS. FREEDOM FROM FEAR AND WANT AND THE CREATION OF SUCH LMNG CONDITIONS WHCH SHOULD ENSURE TO EVERYONE THE EXERCISE OF ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, CULTURAL, CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS.
THE PURPOSE OF ENFORCEMENT MEASURES IN THE UN SYSTEM OF COLLECTIVE SECURITY IS TO FORCE A NON-COMPLYING STATE TO ACT IN A WAY WHICH WILL NOT CONSTITUTE A THREAT TO INTERNATIONAL PEACE AND SECURITY. HOWEVER BY THE FAILURE TO ACT AND THROUGH THE EFFECTS OF MEASURES DELIBERATELY AGGRAVATING AND DETERIORATING THE LIVING CONDITIONS OF THE POPULATION, THE UNITED NATIONS INFLICTS EVER GREATER SUFFERING UPON THE POPULATION DEPRIVING THEM OF THEIR ESSENTIAL NEEDS OR OF THE POSSIBILITY TO PRESERVE THE BASIC HUMAN VALUES SUCH AS LIFE, HEALTH, HUMAN DIGNITY AND HONOUR.
THE GENEVA CONVENTIONS OF 1949 AND THE ADDITIONAL PROTOCOLS THEREOF EXPLICITLY PROHIBIT VIOLATION OF THESE BASIC HUMAN VALUES ALSO DURING ALL ARMED CONFLICTS, "INTERNATIONAL AND NON-INTERNATIONAL THIS OBLIGATION IS EVEN MORE EXPLICIT IN SO FAR AS THE UN PEACE-KEEPING OPERATIONS ARE CONCERNED.
THE CONCLUSIONS TO BE MADE FROM THE ABOVE OBSERVATIONS COULD BE SUMMED UP AS FOLLOWS:
- THE ONE-SIDED NATURE OF THE UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS AGAINST THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA IS
INCOMPATIBLE WITH NEUTRALITY AND UNIVERSAL ROLE OF THE WORLD ORGANIZATION, BECAUSE OF THE DBREGARD
OF, AND DISRESPECT FOR, THE COGENT PRINCIPLES OF PROHIBITION OR THE THREAT OF FORCE AND OF NON-
ACTION ON THE PART OF OTHER INTERNAL AND EXT ERNAL FACTOR3, THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF WHICH ONLY SERVES
TO PROLONG THE WAR IN BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA AND ESCALATE THE YUGOSLAV CRISIS. AT THE SAME TIME, THE
UNITED NATIONS HAS COMPLETELY IGNORED THE APPEAL8 OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA TO RE
EXAMINE THE PURPOSEFULNESS OF THE SANCTIONS DESPITE WELL-DOCUMENTED ASSERTIONS THAT THE REASONS
FOR THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS HAVE BEEN REMOVED.
- THE EFFECTS OF THE SANCTIONS AGAINST THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA ARE INCONSISTENT WITH THE COGENT
PRINCIPLE OF EQUALITY AND THE RIGHT TO SELF-DETERMINATION OF PEOPLES SINCE THE ISOIATION OF THE FR OF
YUGOSLAVIA IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS AND THE CARVING UP OF THE ETHNIC ENTITY OF THE SERBIAN PEOPLE

BY THE RECOGNITION OF OTHER STATES IN THE TERRORITY OF FORMER YUGOSLAVIA PREVENTS THE SERBIAN PEOPLE FROM FREELY DECIDING ON THEIR OWN FATE.
- FINALLY. THE EFFECTS OF THE UN SANCTION ARE IN OUTFIGHT CONTRAVENTION OF THE NOAMS Of INTERNATIONAL LAW CONCERNING THE RESPECT FOR BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS, SINCE. ACCENTUATING T*E LETHAL NA"TJRE OF AN AUTARKIC WAY OF LIFE IN CONDITIONS OF INSUFFICIENT AND OFTEN * ASSISTANCE OF THE UNITED NATIONS, THEY PUTIN QUESTION THE POSSIBILITY OF EXERCISING A WHOLE RANGE OF HUMAN' RIGHTS IN THE ECONOMIC. SOCIAL OR CULTURAL FIELD, WHICH APE CONSIDERED TO BE A KIND OF ETHIC AND LEGAL STANDARDS. AND. BY EXTENSION. THE POSSIBILITY OF PRESERVING LIFE AND HEALTH AS FUNDAMENTAL VALUES.

SANCTIONS AND HEALTH
IS IT POSSIBLE THAT THE WORLD IS REALLY READY TO COLDLY IMPLEMENT MEASURES CAUSING A SLOW DEATH OF MILLIONS OF INNOCENT PEOPLE - THIS IS A HORRIBLE QUESTION ASKED BY THE POPULATION OF A COUNTRY CONDEMNED TO ISOLATION.
ACCORDING TO PROVISIONS AND PRINCIPLES OF THE INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW, THE RIGHT TO LIFE AND HEALTH IS A FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHT THIS RIGHT IS ALSO GUARANTEED * THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTER AND THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION CONSTITUTION. THE DEFINITION OF HEALTH ACCEPTED BY THE WORLD IS THAT OF THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION, ACCORDING TO WHICH HEALTH MEANS MATERIAL, SOCIAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL WELL-BEING OF THE MAN, IT IS THEN NEEDLESS TO ASK WHETHER UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS 757 AND 820 CONDEMNED TO A LOSS OF LIFE AND HEALTH CITIZENS OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA. AND TOGETHER WITH THEM REFUGEES AND ALL OTHERS RECEIVING HEALTH PROTECTION N ITS TERRITORY, SINCE THEY CAN RECEIVE IT NOWHERE ELSE IN THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA. AND TO WHAT ARE CONDEMNED SICK PEOPLE IN YUGOSLAVIA BY THE SECURITY COUNCIL SANCT ONS7
IT IS A WELL KNOWN FACT THAT YUGOSLAV HEALTH SERVICE ALMOST ENTRELY DEPENDS ON MPORT ABOUT 90% OF MEDICINES ARE PRODUCED EXCLUSIVELY ON THE BASIS OF FOREIGN LICENCES AND IMPORTED RAW MATER ALS OR HALF-MACE PRODUCTS. OTHER MEDICINES ARE IMPORTED AS READY-MADE PRODUCTS. OVER 95% OF SANITARY MATERIAL AND 90% OF MEDICAL MATERIAL ARE ALSO IMPORTED. ALMOST ENTIRE MEDICAL EQUIPMENT IS IMPORTED, AS WELL AS PARE PARTS. IN ORDER TO FUNCTION, YUGOSLAV HEALTH SERVICE NEEDS TO IMPORT EACH MONTH THOUSANDS OF VARIOUS MEDICAL PRODUCES - DRUGS, NEEDLES, SYRINGES VARIOUS SURGICAL SUTURES, BANDAGES, REAGENTS. TUBES, CATHETERS, PACEMAKERS, BLOOD TESTS BLOOD BEG, INFUSION SYS-EMS. IF ONE IS FAMILIAR WITH MEDICINE AND HEALTH, ONE KNOWS THAT FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF SURGERIES ALONE, A NUMBER OF ARTICLES SUCH AS TUBES. CATHETERS AND SIMILAR. IS NEEDED.
THE SANCTIONS INTRODUCED IN LATE MAY 1992 IMPOSED A PROCEDURE ACCORDING TO WHICH EACH INDIVIDUAL FOREIGNTRADE TURNOVER OF THESE ARTICLES REQUIRES APPROVAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS COMMITTEE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SANCTIONS. IN ORDER TO OBTAIN APPROVAL, IT IS NECESSARY TO -NDA PARTNER WHO IS WILLING TO COOPERATE, AND THEN OBTAIN APPROVAL OF HIS GOVERNMENT. AND THIS IS NOT ENOUGH! THERE IS THE SECOND ROUND OF THE PROCESS WITH THE SAME PROCEDURE FOR CARRYING OUT FINANCE TRANSACTIONS FOR THIS PURPOSE. AND FINALLY THE THIRD ROUND, I.E. OBTAINING APPROVALS FOR TRANSPORT OF PURCHASED GOODS.
DESPITE THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION MEMORANDUM ACCORDING TO WHICH FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS FOR HEALTH PRODUCTS MUST BE EXCLUDED FROM SANCTONS, 50% OF REQUESTS FOR DEBLOCKING OF FINANCIAL RESOURCES IN FOREIGN BANKS HAS NOT BEEN VET SINCE SEPTEMBER 1992. MEMBER-COUNTRIES OF THE UINTED NATIONS AND THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION THAT VOTED AT THE ASSEMBLIES OF THIS ORGANIZATION FOP "HE TWO RESOLUTIONS UNDER WHICH HEALTH CANNOT BE SUBJECT TO SANCTONS, EITHER FOP POLITICAL OR FOR ANY OTHER REASONS ARE COMPETING IN MAKING PURCHASE AND TRANSPORT OF MEDICAL PRODUCTS FOR THE NEEDS OF THE FEDERAL REPUBJC OF YUGOSLAVIA AS SLOW AS POSSIBLE. OR EVEN IMPOSSIBLE.
THE SITUATION IS FURTHER AGGRAVATED AND WORSENED BY THE PROCEDURE OF APPROVING THE IMPORT OF MEDtCINE AND MEDICAL EQUIPMENT SINCE SOME COUNTRIES CREATE INSURMOUNTABLE OBSTACLES WHICH ARE INCOMPATIBLE WITH THE PRINCIPLES OF HUMANITY. AN ILLUSTRATION FOR THIS IS THE IMPORT OF THE MODERN GERMAN SCANNER FOR CHILDREN CANCER DETECTION WHICH HAS A SMALL NUMBER OF US-MADE PARTS. THE US GOVERNMENT INSISTED IN THE SANCTIONS COMMITTEE THAT APPLICATION FOR EACH SPARE PART, SOME OF VALUE OF ONLY SEVERAL HUNDRED DOLLARS, BE SUBMITTED WHICH PROLONGS THE WHOLE PROCEDURE TO SEVERAL MONTHS, ALTHOUGH IT IS THE EQUIPMENT FOR THE TREATMENT OF CHILDREN NOT FOR WAR.
ALTHOUGH THE HUMANITARIAN AID IN THE FIELD IS EXEMPTED FROM THE SANCTIONS ITS DELIVERY TO THE FRY S CONSIDERABLY OBSTRUCTED, COMPLICATED OR EVEN PREVENTED, ESPECIALLY IN CASES WHEN IT IS COMING FROM YUGOSLAV CITIZENS WORKING AND LIVING ABROAD AND IMMEGRANTS (DIFFICULTIES IN OBTAINING EXPORT LICENCES, APPROVALS BY TRANSIT COUNTRIES, RETURNING FROM THE BORDERS ALTHOUGH HAVING VALID DOCUMENTS AND NECESSARY APPROVALS, ETC). SO FAR, THE RECEIVED AID IS MODEST IN COMPARISON TO THE VOLUME AND QUALITY OF AID DELIVERED BY OTHER COUNTRIES AND INTERNATIONAL GOVERNMENTAL AND NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS TO CROATIA AND BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA. ALL THIS POINTS TO THE DISCRIMINATORY APPROACH AND DOUBLE STANDARDS IN THE BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAJORITY OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY VIS-AVIS THE FRY AND THE ENTIRE SERB PEOPLE. FOR, HUMANITARIAN LAW DOES NOT CONDITION PROVISION AND DELIVERY OF AID BY THE BELONGING OF AN INDIVIDUAL, GROUP OR A NATION TO A PARTICULAR NATION, ETHNIC GROUP, PELK3ION, RACE OR IDEOLOGY, THE BASIC CRITERIUM BEING THAT HEALTH AND BIOLOGICAL EXISTENCE ARE ENDANGERED
THIS COUNTRY THAT UNTIL RECENTLY HAD A FIRST-CLASS MEDICINE AND HEALTH PROTECTION. HAS ABANDONED ALMOST ALL METHODS OF SOPHISTICATED SPECIALIST TREATMENT BABIES WITH HEART DISEASES CIE SINCE SURGERY IS IMPOSSIBLE, OPERATING ROOMS FOR O^EN HEART SURGERIES WERE NOT HEATED DURING THE WINTER 1993. AND THERE ARE LONG LISTS OF PATIENTS WAITING FOR KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION. SOME OF THEM DIE. AND FOR OTHERS DEATH IS CLOSER AND CLOSER EVEN IF THEY ARE LUCKY ENOUGH TO BE OPERATED ON, IT IS NOT CERTAIN THAT THEY ARE GOING TO LIVE, SINCE THEIR ILLNESS DETERIORATES DUE TO THE LONG DELAY AND EVEN IF THEY SURVIVE THIS STAGE, STILL THERE IS NO HOPE FOR THEM, 3ECAUSE THERE ARE NO IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE MEDICINES TO PREVENT REJECTION OF THE TRANSPLANTED ORGAN NEUROSURGEONS ARE CARRYING OUT THE MOST COMPLEX SURGERIES, E.G BRAIN TUMOUR SUR3ERIE3 AND SIMILAR, WITHOUT X-RAY EQUIPMENT, THAT WOULD BETTER LOCATE THE TUMOUR, THUS IMPROVING THE CHANCE OF SURVIVAL. HOWEVER, T IS NOT ONLY THIS HIGHEST LEVEL OF HEALTH PROTECTION THAT IS THE PROBLEM. NAMELY FOR SEVERAL MONTHS NOW IT HAS NOT BEEN POSSIBLE TO IMPLEMENT EVEN ROUTINE HEALTH PROTECTION. DUE TO THE LACK OF TRANQULIZERS, PATIENTS WITH MENTAL DISORDERS ARE AGA N TIED UP AND TREATED WTH ELECTRIC SHOCKS, ALTHOUGH THESE ARE NOT ONLY

-6-
ABANDONED, BUT ALSO BANNED METHODS DEATH RATE OF THESE PATIENTS IS GOING UP ENORMOUSLY AND INCREASINGLY OFTEN WHEN HAVING FITS OF AGGRESSION THEY ATTACK DOCTORS AND OTHER MEDICAL.STAFF, WHO HAVE NO MEANS TO CALM THEM DOWN.
CLINICS FOR CONTAGIOUS DISEASES ARE FULL OF PATIENTS WHOSE BLOOD HAS BEEN INFECTED SINCE IT HAS NOT BEEN TESTED TO HEPATITIES, WHILE SHELVES FOR DRUGS ARE EMPTY. PATIENTS SUFFER NG FROM ALLERGY AND CANNOT BE TREATED WITH PENICLUN, CAN NOT Receive ANY HELP AT ALL AT CLINICS, SINCE OTHER ANTIBIOTICS ARE AVAILABLE ONLY OCCASIONALLY. WHEN THEY ARRIVE AS PART OK HUMANITARIAN AID PRIVATE PHARMACIES STILL MEDICINCS, AND PATIENTS ARE BUYING ON THEIR OWN ANESTHETIC OR SURGERY, NEEDLES, SUTURES. CYTOSTATICS. FOR ONE MEDICINE THEY GIVE THIER EE MONTHLY SALARY, AND FOR LONGER TREATMENT THEY SELL ALL THEY HAVE.
THE FOLLOWING ARE ONLY SOME OF THE EFFECTS OF THE SANCTIONS SO FAR:
THE INSTITUTE OF ONCOLOGY IN BELGRADE DOES NOT HAVE EVEN THE MOST FUNDAMENTAL CYTOSTATICS. ALTHOUGH THREE MONTHS AGO US $ 500 000 WAS PAID TO IMPORT THESE MEDICINES, AND ALTHOUGH ALL NECESSARY APPROVALS HAVE BEEN OBTAINED. THE BANK IN LONDON HAS NOT RELEASED THESE RESOURCES FOUR MONTHS AGO A PAYMENT WAS MADE TO THE SlEMENS'S ACCOUNT FOR SPARE PARTS FOR X-RAY EQUIPMENT. NO REPLY HAS BEEN RECEIVED FROM THE SIEMENS YET.
AT CARDIO SURGICAL WARDS FOR CHILDREN IN SERBIA 41 BABIES HAVE DEO, SINCE DOCTORS HAVE NOT BEEN ABLE TO CARRY OUT NECESSARY SURGERIES. DR. JADRAN MAGIC, A DOCTORAT THE INSTITUTE OF THE MOTHER AND THE CHILD IN BELGRADE, WHO PROVIDED THIS INFORMATION. EXPLAINED HOW TRAGICAL IT WAS TO DECIDE WHICH BABY WAS TO BE OPERATED FIRST. AND WHICH ONE TO BE SENT TO DEATH. THESE BABIES HAD HEAVY HEART DISEASES WHO WILL TAKE THE RESPONSIBILITY FOB BABIES THAT ARE YET TO BE BORN, WHOSE DISEASES, CONSICERED "MOST ORDINARY* BY THE REST OF THE WOULD, WILL BE IMPOSSIBLE TO TREAT, SINCE THERE WILL BE MEANS FOR THAT?
YUGC3LAV DOCTORS HAVE ALREADY PUBLICIZED PRELIMINARY SURVEYS WHICH DEMONSTRATE A VERY SIGNIFICANT DETERIORATION OF THE HEALTH CONDITION OF THE POPULATION.
FOR MONTHS NOW THERE HAS BEEN A PERMANENT SHORTAGE FN THIS COUNTRY OF A WHOLE RANGE OF MEDICINES FOR BASIC HEALTH CARE. IN THE HOSPITALS AND PHARMACIES THERE ARE NO DRUGS FOP CARDIAC PATIENTS, NO DRUGS FOR RNAHC DISEASES NO ANTIBIOTICS, NO TRANQUILIZER AND ANTI DEPRESSANTS. NO DRUGS TO TREAT HYPERTENSION. NO DRUGS TO PREVENT THE REJECTION Of TRANSPLANTED ORGANS; SURGICAL HOSPITALS HAVE NO MEDICAL SUPPLIES, NO ANAESTHETICS, NO ANTI-SHOCK THE RAPY DRUGS, NOMEDICAMENTS FOR INTENSIVE CARE THE SEMI- PRIVATE MARKET, THE WARES OF WHICH ARE OF DOUBTFUL ORIGIN AND QUALITY IS THE ONLY SOURCE OF SUPPLY FOR ILL PEOPLE FROM WHICH THEY CAN BUY. FOR INSTANCE. EVERYTHING THAT THEY NEED FOR AN OPERATION, FOR DOCTORS TO BE ABIE IUNDEEP TO PERFORM ONE. NOT ONLY DO CHRONIC PATIENTS SPEND ALL OF THEIR EARNINGS OR PENSIONS TO BUY MEDCINES ON THIS MARKET. BUT THEY ARE FREQUENTLY FORCED TO SELL WHAT LITTLE THEY HAVE, ACQUIRED PAINSTAKINGLY, TO BE ABLE TO GET TREATMENT.
DUE TO THE LACK OF ANTI-TETANUS VACCINES IN A HOSPITAL IN LOZNICA (ON THE BORDER BETWEEN SERBIA AND BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA A PATIENT CONTRASTED THIS GRAVE AND FATAL DISEASE. ANOTHER PATIENT HAD AN EPILEPSY SEIZURE FOR TWO DAYS. DUE TO THE LACK OF INTRAVENOUS ANTI-EPILEPTlCS SHE SURVIVED BUT WITH SEVERE IRREVERSIBLE DAMAGE TO HER CEREBRAL FUNCTIONS.
IN ONE OF DIALYSIS CENTRES OF THE FIFTEEN KIDNEY PATIENTS WHOLE DIALYSIS WAS RE DUCED FROM THE NEEDED THREE TREATMENTS TO TWO WEEKLY, FOUR DIED IMMEDIATELY
OVER ONLY A YEAR THE NUMBER OF TUBERCULOSIS PATIENTS IN BELGRADE HAS INCREASED BY 66 CASES. AT THE EMERGENCY CENTRES IN BELGRAOE. OVER LESS THAN A YEAR THE MORTALITY OF INJURED PATIENTS WENT UP BY AS MUCH AS 20%, BECAUSE Of THE LACK OF MEDICNES AND MEDICAL SUPPUES FOR THEIR TIMELY TREATMENT.
AT THE CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY CENTRE IN BELGRADE, IN 1991, 50 OPEN HEART SURGERIES WERE PERFORMED, AND ONLY 206 IN 1992 THE NUMBER OF KIDNEY TRANSPLANTS HAS BEEN REDUCED BY AS MUCH AS 50%. AND IN MEDICINE. PERCENTAGES OF EVEN 1 AND 2 PERCENT ARE SIGNIFICANT
EPIDEMICS OF HEPATITIS, MEASLES. INTESTINAL AND OTHER INFECTIONS ARE ON THE RISE UNDER THE IMPACT OF RESOLUTION 820 OF UN SECURITY COUNCIL IT IS EXPECTED THAT THE PRESENT SITUATION, DIFFICULT AS IT IS, WILL ONLY DETERIORATE FURTHER.
AS A RESPONSE TO ALL APPEALS OF YUGOSLAV DOCTORS AND OFFICIALS AND TO THE WHO RESOLUTIONS, THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL COMMITTEE FOR SANCTIONS BANNED THE IMPORT OF RAW MATERIALS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MEDICINES IN YUGOSLAVIA N NOVEMBER 1992. SINCE IT ALLEGEDLY HAD INFORMATION THAT YUGOSLAV FACTOFILES EXPORTED MEDICINES TO SLOVENIA. AFTER FIVE MONTHS OF CORRESPONDENCE, THE COMMITTEEINFOHMED COMPETENT PEOPLE IN THE COUNTRY THAT ONLY ONE SMALL PRIVATE COMPANY FORMS BE JGRADE CARFJED OUT EXPORT TRANSACTIONS FOR MEDICINES WTTH SOME SIMILAR SLOVENIAN COMPANY FO0M MARIBOR. NEEDLESS TO SAY, NOT EVEN AFTER THIS HAS THE BAN BEEN LIFTED. THIS B DESPITE WHO RESOLUTIONS 41.31 AND 42.24, STATING THAT HEALTH INDUSTRY IS NOT 3 SUBJECT TO SANCTIONS YUGOSLAV DOCTORS, THEREFORE, TRIED TO RAISE THEIR VOICE AND TELL THE WORLD THAT SANCTIONS ARE SERIOUSLY ENDANGERING THE MOST INNOCENT - CHILDREN AND THE SICK, APPEALS WERE SENT TO THE WORLD PUBLIC IN THE CONTEXT OF APRIL 7, THE WORLD HEALTH DAY. OUR COUNTRY REQUIRED THE WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION TO DEMAND LIFTING OF SANCTIONS IN HEALTH SECTOR IN 1 UNITED NATIONS. DOCTORS HAVE ORGANIZED PEACEFUL PFIOTESTS IN FRONT OF THE AMERICAN, RUSSIAN. FRENCH AND GERMAN EMBASSIES IN BELGRADE.
AS A RESPONSE, IT HAPPENED THAT A NEW SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION ON A COMPLETE ISOLATION OF YUGOSLAVIA WAS ADOPTED THE RESOLUTION CONTAINS A PROVISION THAT HUMANITRAN AID AND MEDICINES ARE EXEMPTED FROM THE BAN ON IMPORT. ONE CAN BUT WONDER HOW •EXEMPTED* HEALTH SECTOR WILL BE UNDER RESOLUTION 820. WHEN UNDER THE MORE LENIENT RESOLUTION 757 IT WAS 'EXEMPTED" IN SUCH A MANNER.
THE PEOPLE OF YUGOSLAVIA HAS BECOME A HOSTAGE OF THE INTERNATIONAL PROCESS OF SOLVING THE WAR CRISIS ]IN BOSNIA. ISOLATION PUT EMBARGO ON HUMANITY. VIOLATED THE FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS, AND PEOPLE N ONE EUROPEAN COUNTRY ARE FACING DEATH - OUT OF ANYONE'S SIGHT, WITHOUT A SINGLE OFFERED HAND. DOCTORS OF YUGOSLAVIA HAVE THE FOLLOWING MESSAGE: "WE SHALL FIND A WAY TO SOONER OR LATER CHARGE AND CONDEMN THOSE WHO TOOK LIVES OF OUR PATENTS OR DETERIORATED THEIR HEALTH".

POSITION AND PROBLEMS OF CHILDREN (REFUGEE CHILDREN INCLUDED) M THE F.R.Y. AS A CONSEQUENCE OF THE WAR IN THE TERRITORY OF THE FORMER S.F.R.Y. AND OF THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS AGAINST THE F.R.Y,
THE CHILDREN OF ALL PEOPLES AND OF ALL RACES ARE THE FUTURE OF THE WORLD, A CONFIRMATION OF LOVE, PATIENCE AND HOPE INVESTED IN THEM BY ADULTS, BUT CHILDREN ARE ALSO VERY OFTEN THE BEST PROOF THAT PRECISELY THEY ARE THE MOST VULNERABLE AND ARE MOST FREQUENTLY VICTIMS IN THE CONFLICT OF ADULTS.
THE WAR CONDITIONS IN THE TERRITORY OF THE FORMER SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA, IN PARTICULAR THE UNJUST AND HUWUATTNG SANCTIONS IMPOSED BY THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL, BROUGHT ABOUT A SPEEDY AND DRAMATIC AGGRAVATION OF THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STATUS OF THE ENTRE POPULATION OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA PARTICULARLY THAT OF CHILDREN, WITH A TENDENCY OF DAILY AND CONTINUAL AGGRAVATION.
INFLATION WHICH REACHES DAILY UP TO 4 PER CENT ACCELERATES THE DROP IN THE REAL STANDARD, WHILE THE RACE BETWEEN INCOME AND PRICES ON BASIC PRODUCTS INDISPENSABLE FOR EVERYDAY LIFE, WHICH ARE GROWING AT A VERTIGINOUS SPEED IN INCREASINGLY SHORTER TIME INTERVALS, IS MORE AND MORE TO THE DETRIMENT OF INCOME. THE QUANTITY OF PRODUCTS THAT CAN TO BOUGHT WITH THE REALIZED INCOME HAS FOR A LONG TIME BEEN BELOW THE EXISTENTIAL MINIMUM. THE NUMBER OF THE POOR WITHIN THE TOTAL NUMBER OF THE POPULATION IS GROWING PROGRESSIVELY. UNEMPLOYMENT IS ON THE INCREASE AND SANCTIONS HAVE LED TO THE SUSPENSION OF MORE AND MORE OF THE EMPLOYED FROM THE WORK PROCESS. THE ECONOMICALLY EXHAUSTED FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA IS SWAMPED BY CONTNUOUS WAVES OF HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF REFUGEES, MAINLY WOMEN. CHILDREN AND THE AGED. THE MAJORITY OF WHOM ARE ACCOMMODATED IN FAMILIES. INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY AID UNFORTUNATELY DOES NOT MEET EVEN THE CRUDE REAL NEEDS OF THE REFUGEES, IN PARTICULAR NOT THE REHABILITATION NEEDS OF THE REFUGEE CHILDREN.
AS A RESULT OF SUCH AQUIRED ACCUMULATED CONDITIONS THERE HAS BEEN AN AGGRAVATION IN THE POSITION OF CHILDREN TO SUCH A LEVEL AND SCOPE THAT IT REPRESENTS A FLAGRANT VIOLATION OF THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD AS GUARANTEED BY THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD.
1. THE SOCIAL CLIMATE IN WHICH THE CHILDREN ARE GROWING, DEFINED IN THE PREAMBLE OF THE
CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD AS A PRECONDITION FOR NORMAL GROWTH, INSTEAD OF HAPPINESS AND
PEACE IS LADEN WITH FEAR, ANXETY, ANIMOSITY, HATE, SORROW AND INSECURITY. THE WAR CONFLICTS AND ABRUPT
AND DEEP SOCIAL. POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC CHANGES, THE INTERRRUPTION OF COMMUNICATION WITH RELATIVES
AND FRIENDS FROM OTHER REPUBLICS, THE GROWING NUMBER OF PRESSURES, THE SLOW PENETRATION OF TRUTH
ON ONE'S OWN PEOPLE AND ON THE GENOCIDE CARRIED AGAINST IT, ALL LEAVE GRAVE MENTAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL
SCARS.
THESE CONDITIONS, WHICH ARE BECOMING CHRONIC AND ARE ACCUMULATING, INDIRECTLY AND DIRECTLY, INFLUENCE THE QUALITY OF FAMILY LIFE, NAMELY THE QUALITY OF THE EMOTIONAL, CONCEPTUAL, SOCIAL AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN AND THE YOUTH IN GENERAL. EXPERTS PREDICT THAT THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE WITH MILDER AND PASSING PSYCHIC DISTURBANCES BUTALSO WITH MORE SERIOUS DISORDERS SHALL RISE AND SHALL HAVE FAR-REACHlNG NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES.
2. THE RIGHT OF THE CHILD TO ENJOY THE HIGHEST ATTAINABLE HEALTH. MEDICAL AND REHABILITATION
CARE (ARTICLES 23 AND 24 OF THE CONVENTION) 6 THREATENED. SANCTIONS BROUGHT ABOUT RAPID
IMPOVERISHMENT AND BREAKDOWN OF THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM. FOLLOWWG THE NEEDS AND REQUESTS OF
HEALTH INISTTTUTIONS FOR WOMEN AND CHILDREN PROTECTION, INCLUDING THOSE OF A GREAT NUMBER OF FAMILIEB AND INDMDUALS, OVER A PROTRACTED PEROD, AN ALARMING DISRUPTION IN THE SUPPLY OF THE BASIC MEDICINE, MEDICAL SUPPUE8. EQUPMENT, DISINFECTANTS FOR PREVENTOG INFECTIONS IN HOSPITALS, SHORTAGE OF BASIC BABYFOOD. FOOD FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES AND THE SPECIAL FOOD FOR BREAST-FEEDNG MOTHERS, PREGNANT WOMEN AND POST-OPERATIVE WOMEN PATIENTS HAS BEEN APPARENT. THS HAS ALREADY BROUGHT ABOUT ADVERSE
CONSEQUENCES FOR THE HEALTH OF THIS RISK GROUP: IRREGULAR CONTROL, DELAYED TREATMENT. REDUCED
IMMUNITY, INCREASED NUMBER OF PREMATURE BORN INFANTS, HEALTH RISKS FOR NEWLY-BORN INFANTS,
OCCURRANCE OF INFECTIONS IN HOSPITALS AT CHILDREN AND MATERNITY WARDS, EPIDEMICS IN CHILDREN
INSTITUTIONS. REDUCED HOSPITALIZATION AND PROLONGED POST-OPERATIVE TREATMENT.
THE INCREASED NUMBER OF CONTAGIOUS DISEASES AND OF DEATHS CAUSED BY THEM MAINLY AFFECTS RRE-SCHOOL AND SCHOOL CHILDREN WHILE THEIR REDUCED IMMUNITY AND INADEQUATE TREATMENT LEAD TO FURTHER HEALTH COMPLICATIONS. THUS. IN 1992. THERE WERE 302 CASES OF DEATH. THE MORTALITY RATE INCREASED BY 37.5 PER CENT COMPARED TO THE 1986-1990 AVERAGE AND BY 44.8 PERCENT N CONTRAST TO1991.
A SIMILAR SITUATION HAS BEEN REGISTERED IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF 1993. DEATHS HAVE CONTINUED TO INCREASE, I.E. THE MORTALITY RATE DUE TO CONTAGIOUS DISEASES IS IN INCREASE IN THE JANUARY-MARCH 1992 PEFUOD, 15 CASES OF DEATH WERE REGISTERED WHLE IN THE SAME PERIOD IN 1993 THERE WERE 47 CASES. I.E THREE TIMES MORE.
DATA ON REGISTERED EPDENBCS IN 1992 ARE ALSO ILLUSTRATIVE WHILE IN 1991 THERE WERE 188 REGISTERED CASES OF EPIDEMICS, WITH 3693 INFECTED PERSONS - 20 PERSONS PER ONE EPIDEMIC AT AVERAGE, IN 1992THERE WERE 249 EPIDEMICS AFFECTING 9489 PERSONS 38 INFECTED PERSONS PER EPIDIMIC AT AVERAGE THE NUMBER OF EPIDEMICS INCREASED BY 32.4 PER CENT AND THE NUMBER OF THE INFECTED BY 1.5 TIMES.

FOR EXAMPLE, IN THE WHOLE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA IN 1992, THE NUMBER OF CASES OF DYSENTERY WAS HIGHER 4 6 TIMES (3.127.701), OF MEASLES OVER 2 TIMEs (2024.991).
THE NUMBER OF DEATHS (10) CAUSED BY MEASLES IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF 1993 IS EQUAL TO THE TOTAL NUMBER OF DEATHS CAUSED BY THIS DISEASE IN 1991 AND1992.
IN THE REPUBLIC OF MONTENEGRO IN JULY AND AUGUST 1992, THE NUMBER OF CASES OF DYSENTERY AND ENTERIC COLITIS AS A RESULT OF HYDROEPIDEMICS INCREASED AS WELL AS FOOD POISONING AND SOME BACTERIAL INFECTIONS.
IN THE TERRITORY OF KOSOVO AND METOHJA WHERE THE HYGENIC AND EPIDEMIC SITUATION IS THE WORST, THE CASES OF POLIO, MEASLES, SALMONELLA POISON'NG, HEPATITIS AND OTHER CONTAGIOUS DISEASES HAVE BEEN REGISTERED AS WELL AS THE INCREASED MORTALS RATE. OUT OF THE TOTAL 308 CASES OF DEATH IN THE FR OF YUGOSLOVIA IN 1992, 259 CASES OR 84 PER CENT WERE REGISTERED IN THIS TERRITORY; OUT OF 47 CASES OF DEATH IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF 1983, 34 CASES OR 72.3 PER CENT WERE REGISTERED IN KOSOVO AND METOHUA. (IN 1992, 11 CHILDREN CONTRACTED POLO AND ONE CHILD DIED.)
IN 1992, THE INCREASED NUMBER OF CHILDREN IN KOSOVO AND METCHIJA HAD DIARRHOEA DISEASES WHICH CAUSED DEATH OF A CONSIDERABLE NUMBER OF THEM DUE TO INADEQUATE THERAPY (NELIT’ AND 'REHICROMIKS* DRUGS ARE PROOUCED IN LJUBLJANA AND ZAGREB) AS WELL AS DUE TO UNTIMELY TREATMENT OF ALBANIAN CHILDREN IN PRIVATE HOSPITALS. LOW LEVEL OF HEALTH AND GENERAL EDUCATION OF PARENTS AND OF HYGIENIC AND EPIDEMIC CONDITIONS OF LIFE THERE. (ACCORDING TO REPORTS OF THE CHILDREN'S CLINIC OF THE PRISTINA MEDICAL SCHOOL, OUT OF 75 CHILDREN WHO DIED IN THIS INSTITUTION 48 OF THEM (64 PER CENT) DIED OF DIARRHOEA LAST AUG JST, WHILE 49 CHILDREN (75.6 PER CENT), OUT OF THE TOTAL 85 CHILDREN, DIED WITH THE SAME DIAGNOSIS LAST SEPTEMBER. THE INCREASED NUMBER OF CASES OF TUBERCULOSIS AMONG CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS, WITH THE FACTORS ACCOUNTING FOR THE SPREAD OF TUBERCULOSIS, WLL MAKE TUBERCULOSIS BECOME AGAIN A GREAT SOCIAL AND MEDICAL PROBLEM IN YUGOSLAVIA (IN 1993 IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA, NEW 4276 CASES WERE REGISTERED, 41 PER CENT).
THE COMPULSORY IMMUNIZATION OF CHILDREN IN THE ENVISAQEO PERCENTAGE IS CARRIED OUT ONLY IN CENTRAL SERBIA AND VOJVODINA, WHILE IN MONTENEGRO AND PARTICULARLY N KOSOVO AND METOHIJA IT IS FAR BELOW THE ENVISAGED PERCENTAGE OF SUCCESSFUL IMMUNIZATION. IN KOSOVO AND METOHIJA, THE SUCCESS OF IMMUNIZATION HAS BEEN INCREASINGLY UNSATISFACTORY EACH YEAR PRIMARILY AS A RESULT OF INAPPROPRIATE CHILDREN IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMME: ALMOST 20 PER CENT OF CHILDREN HAVE NOT BEEN COVERED SINCE THEY HAVE NOT BEEN EVEN REGISTERED IN THE MUNICIPALITIES' BIRTH REGISTERS. THE ALBANIAN SEPARATISTS ARE CONDUCTING A PROPAGANCA TO THE EFFECT THAT VACCINATION IS DETRIMENTAL (STERILITY) AND PARENTS REFUSE TO BRING THEIR CHILDREN FOR VACCINATION. IN ADDITION, THERE IS THE ECONOMIC SITUATION HAVING ADVERSE IMPACT ON THE ENTIRE COUNTRY. SUCH A DRAMATIC SITUATION KAS BEEN APPARENT IN THE LAST 2-3 YEARS IN PARTICULAR, CONTRIBUTING TO THE OVERALL DROP IN THE NUMBER OF CHILDREN {BY 10 PER CENT) COVERED BY IMMUNIZATION.
THE LATE 1992 AND EARLY 1993 REGISTERED THE INCREA3ED NUMBER OF CHILDREN AFFECTED BY THE RHEUMATIC FEVER WITH SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES AND COMPLICATIONS, PARTICULARLY IN KOSMET AND IN THE DRINA RIVER BASIN WHERE THERE ARE A GREAT NUMBER OF REFUGEE CHILDREN. THIS IS THE RESULT OF UNTIMELY THERAPY OF STREPTOCOCCAL ANGINA DUE TO THE SHORTAGE OF PENICLLIN AND EXTENCILUN. OF VARIOUS PATHOGEN AGENTS AND OF POOR HYGIENIC LIVING CONDITIONS.
TREATMENT OF CHILDREN SUFFERING FROM CHRONICAL LUNG DISEASES, SERIOUS KIDNEY DISEASES, DIABETES AND MALIGNANT DISEASES WHICH LAST FOR MONTHS AND YEARS HAS BECOME A NIGHTMARE FOR 0OCTORS AND A TRAGEDY FOR THEM PARENTS DUE TO THE SHORTAGE OF EXPENSIVE MEDICINE SUPPLIED FROM ABROAD. ANY ONE WHO SEES THE LOOK OF THE PARENTS WHOSE CHILD IS TREATED FOR ONE OF THE ABOVE DISEAS ES OR A BIRTH DEFECT WHICH REQUWES A SURGERY ABROAD WILL FEEL ALL THE HUMAN DESPAIR AND MISERY.
THIS IS NOT THE PROBLEM OF AN INDIVIDUAL. FAMILY OR HEALTH SERVICE ALONE. N SUCH A SHORT TIME, WE. AS A SOCIETY, LOST ALL THE ADVANTAGES OF OUR SOCIALIZED AND HUMANE MEDICINE SO MUCH ENVIED BY THE WORLD. THE CHILDREN SUFFERING FROM THE ABOVE DISEASES WERE PROVIDED TREATMENT FREE OF CHARGE (BOTH AS CHILDREN AND BECAUSE OF THE 8ERIOUSNESS OF THEIR MSEASES); TODAY. DAILY DRUGS AND EXPENSIVE MEDICAL INTERVENTIONS COST A FORTUNE; CONSEQUENTLY, THE WORLD WHICH IMPOSED SANCTIONS MUST BE AWARE OF THEIR DEVASTATING CONSEQUENCES
DUE TO INADEQUATE CONDITIONS, HOSPITALIZATION PERIOD IS 8HORTENED WHICH CAU9E3 MANY COMPLICATIONS. DURING THE THREE-DAY STAY IN THE MATERNITY WARD LACTATION DOES NOT BEGIN SNCEIKFANT8 DO NOT HAVE THEIR FRST BREAST-FEED IN THE FPST HOUR, WHICH RESULTS IN UNFAVOURABLE CONSEQUENCE3, I.E. ARTIFICIAL FOOD IS USED WHICH IS DETRIMENTAL BOTH FOR INFANTS AND THEIR PARENTS. DUE TO THE SHORTAGE OF MEDICINE, RISK PREGNANCIES ARE NOT ADEQUATELY TREATED. DUE TO COMPLEX DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPY PROCEDURES, TREATMENT OF STERIUTY OF ONE OR BOTH PARTNERS IS UNSUCCESSFUL OR DISCONTINUED WHICH RESULTS IN THE FALL OF THE BIRTH RATE.
IF HEALTH IS NOT EXEMPTEO FROM THE SANCTIONS. AS HAS BEEN THE CASE SO FAR AND IN VIEW OF ALL ADVERSE EFFECTS OF THE GRAVE ECONOMIC SITUATlON, NEGATIVE FAR-REACH NG CONSEQUENCES FOR THE HEALTH AND UFE OF THIS MOST VULNERABLE POPULATION GROUP CAN BE CERTAINLY EXPECTED.
3. CHILD NUTRITION (ARTICLE 24 OF THE CONVENTION) IS THREATENED. DATA ON THE AVERAGE FOOD CONSUMPTION OF THE FEDERAL WSTITUTION FOR STATISTICS SHOW THAT THE PROBLEMS ARE NUMEROUS AND HETEROGENEOUS. THERE ARE DEFICIENCIES N CALCIUM, WON AND VTTAMJN INTAKE PER AVERAGE DAILY MEAL IN SOME REGIONS A SURPLUS OF FATS AND INCREASED CEREALS CONSUMPTION HAS BEEN REGISTERED. THERE S AN INSUFFICIENT INTAKE OF MEAT, MILK AND VEGETABLE FIBRES. SUCH CONDIT'ONS SHALL RESULT IN INCREASED ILLNESSES OF THE MORBIDITY AND MORBIFIC STRUCTURES RELATED TO INCREASED INTAKE OF FATS AND INSUFFICIENT INTAKE OF VEGETABLE FIBRES. SPECIALISTS IN NUTRITION WILL CERTAINLY STUDY THE CONSEQUENCES OF INADEQUATE NUTRITION FOR POSTERITY. TODAY, THE NUTRITION OF CHILDREN OF ALL AGES, PREGNANT WOMEN AND BREAST-FEEDING MOTHERS IS INADEQUATE AND OF LOW QUALITY AT HOME, KINDERGARTEN, SCHOOL AND

HOSPITALS THERE HAVE BEEN SEVERAL INSTANCES OF ALARMING SHORTAGE OF SPECIAL FOOD FOR PREMATURE BORN INFANTS OR FOR PATENTS SUFFERING FROM CERTAIN DISEASES.
4. THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION (ARTICLES 28 AND 29 OF THE CONVENTION) IS THREATENED PRIMARLY DUE TO THE DIFFICULT FINANCIAL SITUATION IN THIS FIELD, THE DENIAL OF RIGHT TO EDUCATIONAL AND EXPERT INFORMATION (ARTICLE 17 OF THE CONVENTION) AS WELL AS THE TOTAL INTERRUPTION OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ON ISSUES RELATEO TO EDUCATION.
CHILDREN OF ALBANIAN NATIONALITY IN THE AUTONOMOUS PROVINCE OF KOSOVO AND METOHUA HAVE BEEN DENIED BY THE MEMBERS OF THEIR NATIONALITY, WHO LEAD A NATIONALISTIC AND SECESSIOMS POLICY. THE RIGHT TO ATTENDANCE OF REGULAR LEGALLY SETUP SCHOOLS. THERE UNO OBJECTIVE NOR REAL CAUSE FOR SUCH AN ACTION SINCE EDUCATION IN THE MOTHER TONGUE HAS BEEN PROVIDED FOR AND IS GUARANTEED BY THE REPUBLIC OF SERBA AND, JUST LIKE EVERYBODY ELSE, THE MEMBERS OF THE ALBANIAN NATIONALITY CAN PARTICIPATE ON ANY LEVEL IN THE DRAWING UP OF SCHOOL CURRICULA AS WELL AS IN OVERALL SCHOOL MANAGEMENT. THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION, AND THE RIGHT TO EDUCATION OF YOUTH OF THE ALBANIAN NATIONALITY, SHOULD BE PROTECTED FROM THREATS EMANATING FROM AN UNACCEPTABLE POUTIZATION CARRIED OUT BY NATIONALISTS AND SEPARATISTS IN THE RANKS OF THE ALBANWN NATIONALITY.
5 THE RIGHT OF EVERY CHILD TO ENJOY SOCIAL CARE (ARTICLE 28, PARAGRAPH 1 OF THE CONVENTION) IS ENDANGERED DUE TO LACK OF FUNDS INDISPENSABLE FOR MAINTAINING THE ATTAINED LEVEL OF THIS CARE. THE POSITION OF INVALID CHILDREN HAS BEEN AGGRAVATED BOTHAS REGARDS SOCIAL CARE INSTITUTIONS AND THE PROVISION OF SPECIAL CARE AND ASSISTANCE.
8. INSTITUTIONS CHARGED WITH CARE FOR AND EDUCATION OF PRE-SCHOOL CHILDREN ARE FACED WITH THE PROBLEM OF CHILDREN BEING TAKEN OUT OF THE INSTITUTIONS BECAUSE THE PARENTS CANNOT COVER THE COSTS AND BECAUSE OF COMPULSORY LEAVE DUE TO THE IMPOSED SANCTIONS.
7. HYPERINFLATION COMPLETELY DEVALUES THE MEASURES PROVIDING FOR AND THE RIGHT TO VARIOUS ALLOWANCES (CHILD ALLOWANCE. MATERNITY LEAVE ALLOWANCE, ETC.) SO THAT THESE FORMS OF CHILD CARE DO NOT PROVIDE EVEN A MINIMUM OF PROTECTION TO THE MOST IMPOVERISHED FAMILIES.
8. THE RIGHT OF THE CHILD TO VACATION AND LEISURE TIME, PLAY AND RECREATION, AS WELL AS PARTICIPATION IN THE CULTURAL LIFE AND ART (ARTICLE 81 OF THE CONVENTION) IS THREATENED. ALTHOUGH PROCLAMED AS A RIGHT OF THE CHILD AND AS A PRECONDITION FOR ITS HARMONIOUS DEVELOPMENT AND EDUCATION, IN CONDITIONS OF A DRASTIC FALL H THE LIVING STANDARD AND THE TILL TODAY NEVER BEFORE EXPERIENCED ISOLATION OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA. THESE NEEDS HAVE BEEN COMPLETELY REDUCED.
WITHOUT CLAIMING THAT THIS IS THE MOST IMPORTANT THING IN THE LIFE OF ANY CHILD HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF THE DESCRIBED ISOLATION OF THE F.R.Y. AND ITS CHILDREN THAT WE FIND PARTICULARLY MORBID AND CRUEL. FOR 80 YEARS YUGOSLAV DARJES AND CHILDREN'S MAGAZINE PUBLISHED STORIES OF WALT DISNEY HEROES (MICKEY MOUSE. CHIP AND DALE, DONALD DUCK, AND OTHERS). MANY OF US COMING FROM FORMER YUGOSLAVIA LEARNT OUR FIRST LETTERS OF THE ALPHABET TRYNG TO FIND OUT WHAT MICKEY. MINI OR DONALD DUCK SAID. UNFORTUNATELY, WITHOUT ANY FEEUNG OF SOLIDARITY WITH TO SMALL FRIENOS, WITHOUT WHOM WALT DISNEY WOULD HAVE NEVER BECOME SUCH A BIG AND RICH CORPORATION, THE LATTER DECIDED TO WITHDRAW ITS LICENCE AND EXPLICITLY FORBADE THE YUGOSLAV PAPERS TO PUBLBH ITS COMICS. OBVIOUSLY, FOR YUGOSLAV CHILDREN -NO MERCY.
9. THE LIVING STANDARD OF CHILDREN AS A WHOLE HAS BEEN THREATENED. NEITHER PARENTS NOR THE
STATE ARE IN THE POSITION TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE LIVING CONDITIONS FOR THE PHYSICAL, MENTAL, SPIRITUAL,
MORAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHILD.
10. IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA, THE CHILD ENJOYS THE RIGHT TO ITS NAME TO
GUARDIANSHIP, TO CITIZENSHIP, TO SAFEGUARDING OF ITS IDENTITY. TO FAMILY TIES, TO FREEDOM OF OPINION,
CONSCIOUSNESS AND RELIGION, TO PRIVACY. NATIONAL BELONGING, FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION AND FREEDOM TO DEMAND, TAKE AND OFFER INFORMATION. TO FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION AND FREEDOM OF PEACEFUL GATHERING.
AS HAS ALREADY BEEN UNDERLINED, THE FATE OF THE CHILDREN IN THE F.R OF YUGOSLAVIA IS SHARED BY THBR SMALL FRIENDS. REFUGEES FROM OTHER FORMER REPUBLICS OF THE S.F.RY, PARTICULARLY THE 250,000 CHILD REFUGEES FROM CROATIA AND BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA.
THE MAJORITY OF THE CHLDREN HAVE TAKEN REFUGE WITH THEIR MOTHERS. WHILE THE.R FATHERS AND OTHER MALE RELATIVES HAVE STAYED ON TO DEFEND THEIR HEARTHS. THIS SEPARATION WITHIN FAMILIES LEADS TO PSYCHO-PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT DISORDERS (CONCERN FOR PAREWS, ADAPTATION PROBLEMS IN A NEW ENVIRONMENT, LOSS OF CONTACT WITH CLOSE AND DEAR PERSONS, ETC.).
THE LATEST DATA AVAILABLE SHOW THAT THE NUMBER WTTHOUT PARENTS REACHES UP TO 1,200. THESE CHILDREN HAVE FELT THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE HORRORS OF WAR EITHER DIRECTLY (DEVASTATION, SUFFERING, KILLING, MASSACRE) OR INDIRECTLY (EMOTIONAL STRESS, MEDIA PROPAGANDA, REFUGE, ETC.).
WAR PSYCHOSIS, INCERTTTUDE AND CONTINUAL FEAR HAVE PARALYSED THE CHILDREN’S DAILY ACTIVITIES, THEY CAUSE ANXIETY IN THE CHILDREN'S S0ULS, AND THE TRAGIC CONSEQUENCES OF SUCH A CHILDHOOD ARE BEING MANIFESTED THROUGH VARIOUS FORMS OF THE CHLDREN'S DISORGANIZATION. THE CHILDREN'S' EMOTIONAL. PSYCHIC SOCIAL AND CULTURAL BALANCE HAS BEEN GRAVELY AFFECTED BY A UFE IN SHELTERS, TENTS, CELLARS THE IMPOSSIBILITY OF PLAYING IN SAFETY AND OF MOVING FREELY.
THE CHILDREN OF FORMER YUGOSLAVIA HAVE EXPERIENCED AS PARTICULARLY TRAUMATIC THE UPSET OF TILL THEN FRIENDLY. COMRADELY AND WARM RELATIONS WITH CHILDREN IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD WHO, AS A RESULT OF THE ESCALATION OF THE WAR CONFLICT AND THESTRAMNG OF INTERETHNC RELATIONS, HAVE BECOME ENEMIES UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF ANTAGONISTIC FEELINGS AMONG ADULTS. SUCH ABRUPT SHIFTS IN COMPANIONSHIP, RELATIONS AT SCHOOL, W THE NEIGHBOURHOOD, IN THE STREET, HAVE ALL DBRUPTEO THE EMOTIONAL BALANCE OF THE CHILDREN AND HAVE INCTTEO FEELINGS INCOMPREHENSIBLE TO THE CHILDREN BUT NONETHELESS EVIDENT SUCH AS AGGRESSIVENESS AND WTOLERANCE TOWARD CHILDREN OF OTHER NATIONALITY. THE DEGREE OF

TOLERANCE HAS WEAKENED, LINKS WTTH A SAFE. MATERIALLY AND EMOTIONALLY STABLE LIFE HAVE BEEN SEVERED AND HAVE BEEN REPLACED BY CONSTANT FEAR.
OUT OF ABOUT 250,000 CHILDREN. AROUND 140,000 ARE SCHOOL-GOING CHILDREN AGED 7 TO 18, WHICH MEANS THAT BESIDE THE ABOVE MENTIONED PROBLEMS THESE CHILDREN ARE ALSO FACED WITH THE PROBLEM OF GETTING USED TO NEW CURRICULA. ALTHOUGH THE MAJORITY OF THE CHILDREN IS ONE YEAR BEHIND WITH SCHOOL DUE TO THE WAR, THE F.R. OF YUGOSLAVIA HAS DONE ITS UTMOST TO MAKE CERTAIN THAT EVERY CHILD HAS BEEN ENROLED. THE CHILDREN HAVE BEEN AOCOMMODATED. ENROLED AT SCHOOL, PROVIDED WITH INDISPENSABLE SCHOOL KITS AND TEXTBOOKS, BUT NOT ALL THE NEEDS HAVE BEEN MET DOES NOT EVEN MEET THE MINIMUM OF NEEDS OF REFUGEE CHILDREN SINCE THEIR INFLOW FROM WAR RAVAGED AREAS 19 CONTINUAL AT THE SAME TIME, WE MUST BEAR IN MIND, THAT 96.9 PER CENT OF THE REFUGEES HAVE BEEN ACCOMMODATED IN FAMILIES SINCE THE INHABITANTS OF YUGOSLAVIA HAVE BEEN BROUGHT TO THE BRINK OF EXISTENCE AS A RESULT OF THE SANCTIONS IMPOSED BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY, THEY ARE MORE AND MORE OBLIGED TO DENY HOSPITALITY TO THE REFUGEES.
A PARTICULARLY THREATENED CATEGORY ARE PUPILS AND STUDENTS. THE TEENAGERS GROUP OF 14 TO 18 YEAR OLDS ARE A PARTICULARLY SYMPTOMATIC GROUP. THE MOST FREQUENT DISORDERS REGISTERED IN THIS GROUP ARE OF A PSYCHIC ORDER, ON THE ONE HAND, SEVER STATES OF DEPRESSION USUALLY ACCOMPANIED BY SUICIDAL ATTEMPTS. DESPERATION, LOSS OF COMMUNICATION WITH THE ENVIRONMENT, AND ON THE OTHER, GREATER AGGRESSIVENESS, JUVENILE DELINQUENCY, ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSF AND PROSTITUTION.
AN APPEAL FOR ASSISTANCE IN SOLVING THE SAID PROBLEMS HAS BEEN SENT OUT TO ALL INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS. UNFORTUNATELY. THAT WHICH HAS BEEN OFFERED IS FAR FROM SUFFICIENT. THE BIGGEST PROBLEM IS HOW TO HAVE CHILDREN EXEMPTED FROM THE SANCTIONS. AS IF BEING DRIVEN AWAY FROM THEIR HOMES WERE NOT A TERRIBLE ENOUGH PUNISHMENT. THEY ARE BEING DEPRIVED OF THE RIGHT TO HEALTH AND MEDICAL CARE, SOCIAL, CARE. EDUCATION, PARTICIPATION IN CULTURAL LIFE AND ART. IN GAMES AND RECREATION. CONDITIONS THAT WOULD ADEQUATELY MEET THE NEEDS OF A CHILD'S PHYSICAL, MENTAL, SPIRITUAL, MORAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT DO NOT EXIST.
THEREFORE, THE CHILDREN OF THE F.R. OF YUGOSLAVIA ASK THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE STATES SIGNATORIES OF THE DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD AND THE CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD, HOW LONG WILL THE LATTER GO ON VIOLATING THESE DOCUMENTS, ARE ALL CHILDREN NOT EQUAL, EQUALLY INNOCENT, DOES THE BASIC MOTTO OF THE DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD 'HUMANITY OWES TO THE CHILD THE BEST IT CAN OFFER IT,' NOT COUNT ANY MORE?

ADVERSE EFFECTS OF THE SANCTIONS IMPOSED BY THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 757 IN RESPECT OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATIONALAND CULTURAL COOPERATION
THE SANCTIONS ON CULTURAL COOPERATION MOST DIRECTLY CONTRAVENE THE PROCLAMATIONS RELATING TO THE FREE FLOW OF PEOPLE AND IOEAS AND THEREFORE MERIT PARTICULAR ATTENTION.
THE STEPS UNDERTAKEN BY A NUMBER OF COUNTRIES TO IMPLEMENT THESE SANCTIONS ARE LEGALLY CHALLENGEABLE IN LARGE MEASURE AND ARE A SPECIFIC MANIFESTATION OF AGGRESSION (SINCE, FOR EXAMPLE, SUBPARA 7(C) OF RESOLUTION 757 MAKES NO REFERENCES TO THE SUSPENSION OF EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION, THOUGH IT IS THE FIELD N WHICH ALMOST ALL COUNTRIES HAVE CEASED TO COOPERATE WITH YUGOSLAVIA), IN PARTICULAR:
A) WE HAVE NO ACCESS TO PROGRAMMES AND PROJECTS IN THE CULTURAL FIELD, AS A RESULT OF WHICH WE ARE BEHIND THE LATEST TRENDS AND ACTIVITIES IN THE AREA;
B) IT HAS BECOME IMPOSSIBLE FOR U9 TO ADJUST TO THE RAPID SOCIAL CHANGES TAKING PLACE IN THE WORLD,
C) WE HAVE BEEN ISOLATED FROM THE PROCESSES OF INTEGRATION, IN EUROPE;
D) WIS HAVE BEEN BARRED FROM THE MAJOR EC PROGRAMMES OF GROWING IMPORTANCE ESPECIALLY IN 1993, AT A TIME WHEN CONDITIONS ARE IN PLACE TO ENSURE UTMOST MOBILITY OF YOUTH IN EUROPE;
E) OUR REPRESENTATIVE HAVE BEEN DENIED POSSIBILITY TO ATTEND CONFERENCES, SYMPOSIA, WORKSHOPS AND OTHER EXPERT MEETINGS ORGANIZED IN THE FIELDS OF CULTURE AND EDUCATION; AND
F) THE VALUE SYSTEM IN OUR CULTURE AND SPIRITUAL SPHERE HAS SHIFTED.
THE SANCTIONS HAVE HAD BOTH BILATERAL AND INTERNATIONAL EFFECT.
OUR COOPERATION WITH WEST EUROPEAN COUNTRIE8 WAS "FROZEN- AS EARLY AS THE SPRING OF 1991. EAST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, ALTHOUGH NOT OFFICIALLY NOTIFYING OF THEIR INTENTION TO SEVER CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL TIES, HAVE FROZEN THE SITUATION AS IT WAS BEFORE
ALSO, WITHOUT PRIOR NOTlFICATION, THE UNITED STATES, CANADA, AUSTRALIA AND JAPAN HAVE SUSPENDED COOPERATION SINCE THE TIME OF THE WAR IN CROATIA. THE YUGOSLAV-AMERICAN COMMISSION FOR CULTURAL EXCHANGE (THE FULBPIGHT PROGRAMME) HAS CEASED TO EXIST AND ORGANIZED TRAINING OF YUGOSLAV EXPERTS IN THE UNITED STATES HAS BEEN PREVENTED. BY THE DECISION OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT, THE CULTURAL AND PRESS CENTRE OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA IN NEW YORK WAS CLOSED DOWN AND ITS PERSONNEL EXPELLED.
OUR COOPERATION WITH DEVELOPING COUNTRIES HAS ALMOST COME TO A COMPLETE STOP, WITH THE EXCEPTION OF SOME CONTACTS WITH CHINA, INDIA AND THE DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA. THERE HAVE BEEN SOME INITIATIVES BY CUBA. ARGENTINA AND BRAZIL OUR COOPERATION WITH ARAB COUNTRIES HAS ALSO BEEN SUSPENDED. NONE OF THE AFRKAN COUNTRIES HAS INDICATED TERMINATION OF COOPERATION, BUT IT IS IN A STATE Of ABSOLUTE STAGNATION.
MULTILATERAL COOPERATION HAS ALSO BEEN CUT. AS A RESULT OF WHICH THE COUNCE. OF EUROPE SUSPENDED COOPERATION WITH OUR COUNTRY W THE FIELD OF CULTURE, EDUCATION AND SPORTS ON 8 OCTOBER 1991. THE TERMINATION OF THIS COOPERATION HAS STALLED AND BLOCKED THE ATTENDANCE AND PARTICPATION OF YUGOSLAV REPRESENTATIVES IN THE WORK. PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE AND ITS WORKING BODIES.
THE TRAINNG OF OUR TEACHERS THROUGH SEMINARS SPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR THEM HAS ALSO BEEN HALTED AS WELL AS THEIR PARTICIPATION IN MORE THAN 20 CURRENT PROJECTS, IN WHICH OVER 100 YUGOSLAV EXPERTS PARTTCPATED BEFORE THE COOPERATION STOPPED.
WE HAVE BEEN DEPRIVED OF THE BENEFITS ANO THE RIGHTS EMANATING FROM YUGOSLAVIA'S ACCESSION TO THE CONVENTIONS OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE, SUCH AS THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON EQUIVALENCE OF DIPLOMAS (ON THE BASIS OFWXCH YUGOSLAV GRADUATES COULD ENROL IN UNIVERSITIES IN COUNCIL OF EUROPE MEMBER COUNTRIES), THE ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL TO THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION OF EQUIVALENCE OF DIPLOMAS, THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON THE RECOGNITlON Of THE DURATION OF UNIVERSITY STUDIES. THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON THE ACADEMIC RECOGNITION OF UNIVERSITY QUALIFICATIONS, THE EUROPEAN CULTURAL CONVENTION, ETC.
AS A RESULT OF THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS, THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA HAS BEEN EXPELLED FROM THE CENTRAL EUROPEAN INTATIVE BALKAN COOPERATION AND THE DANUBE RIVER COOPERATION (IT HAS BEEN TWO YEARS NOW THAT THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA IS NOT BEING INVITED TO TAKE PART IN THE PROJECTS AND ACTIONS OF THESE INTEGRATIONS), AS WELL AS FROM AUDIO VISUAL EUREKA PROJECTS (YUGOSLAVIA HAS BEEN DEPRIVED ACCESS TO MODERN TECHNOLOGY AND PROJECTS IN THE AUDIOVISUAL SPHERE),
SINCE YUGOSLAVIA HAS CONCLUDED 14 BILATERAL AND 7 MULTILATERAL CONVENTIONS ON THE RECOGNITION OF DIPLOMAS AND SCHOOL CERTIFICATES, THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THESE DOCUMENTS HAS BEEN SERIOUSLY IMPEDED AND, IN SOME CASES, COMPLETELY DISCONTINUED, BECAUSE OF WHICH ALL HOLDERS OF THE DIPLOMAS AND QUALIFICATIONS OBTAINED IN YUGOSLAVIA EMPLOYED OR ATTENDING SCHOOLS AND UNIVERSITIES ABROAD ARE BEING DISCRIMINATED AGAINST.
THE SYSTEM OF DISPATCHING SERBIAN LANGUAGE LECTURERS ABROAD WHICH EXISTED FOR YEARS AND ENCOMPASSED 65 UNIVERSITIES IN 23 COUNTRIES HAS BEEN DISRUPTED. DISRUPTIONS ARE ALSO EVIDENT IN THE TUTION AT MANY YUGOSLAV UNNERSITIES AND SECONDARY SCHOOLS SINCE LECTURES HAVE BECOME IMPOSSIBLE TO ORGANIZE AT CERTAIN LANGUAGE DEPARTMENTS (CHINESE, JAPANESE) WHERE MORE THAN 20 FOREIGN
LANGUAGES ARE TAUGHT

ACCORD NO TO THE 1992/93 ACADEMIC YEAR PROPOSAL. 34 SERBIAN LANGUAGE LECTURERS HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO FOREIGN UNIVERSITIES BUT NONE OF THEM HAS BEEN ACCEPTED.
SCHOLARSHIPS GRANTED ON RECIPROCITY BASIS WITHIN THE PROGRAMME OF CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL COOPERATION ARE BEING INCREASINGLY DISRUPTED, BECAUSE OF WHICH AT LEAST 250 YUGOSLAV EXPERTS HAVE BEEN DEPRIVED OF THE OPPORTUNITY TO SPECIALIZE ABROAD; (MOST OF THE CAND DATES SPECIALIZING ABROAD IN 1991/92 COMPLETED THE R COURSES IN JUNE 1992 AND SINCE THAT TIME NO NEW SCHOLARSHIPS HAVE 9EEN GRANTED);
OVER 650 YUGOSLAV TEACHERS AND OTHER EXPERTS HAVE BEEN DEPRIVED THE OPPORTUNE TO ATTEND SUMMER COURSES ABROAD;
EXPORT OF TEXTBOOKS AND OTHER BOOKS FOR THE SERB'AN LANGUAGE SCHOOLS ATTENDED BY FRY CITIZENS IN THE FR OF GERMANY HAS BEEN PROHIBITED, NORIS IT POSSIBLE TO PAY THE DISTR.BUTER IN THE FP OF YUGOSLAVIA FOR THE BOOKS ALREADY DISTRIBUTED. YUGOSLAV STUDENTS ATTENDING COMPLEMENTARY SCHOOLS IN THEIR MOTHER TONGUE ARE THEREBY PREVENTED FROM LEARNING THEIR OWN JVNGUAGE AND CUL*URE, ALTHOUGH THERE IS NO PROVISION IN RESOLUTION 757 ACCORDING TO WHICH UNTED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL SANCTIONS APPLY TO YUGOSLAV CITIZENS UVING OUTSOE THE TERRITORY OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA.
A FAR MORE SERIOUS PROBLEM IS THE WOFHOLDING OF SUBSIDIES TO LANQJAGE COMPLEMENTARY SCHOOLS AS HAS BEEN DONE. FOR INSTANCE, BY THE AUTHORITIES OF BADEN-WUERTENBERG, JUSTIFYING ITS DECISION BY RESOLUTION 757.
THIS HAS AFFECTED THE EDUCATION OF ABOUT 2300 YUGOSLAV STUDENTS, I.E. THE ENTIRE TUITION COS^S WOULD HAVE TO BE BORNE BY THEIR PARENTS AND THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA, UNLIKE OTHER FOREIGN STUDENTS (TURKS, GREEKS, PORTUGUESE, SPANIARDS, EVEN STUDENTS FROM OTHER FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLICS;. INTERCESSION BY THE CONSULATE GENERAL OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA IN STUTTGART AND BY THE OFFICIAL YUGOSLAV AUTHORITIES HAS BEEN TO NO AVAL.
CONCLUSION OF PERIODICAL PROGRAMMES OF CULTURAL COOPEHATKJN WTTH OVER 50 COUNTRIES HAS BEEN DISCONTINUED. WHICH RESULTED IN IMPROVISATIONS, FAILURES TO FULFIL COMMITMENTS, LACK OF INFORMATION, NON-REALIZATION OF JOINT ACTIONS, DOMINATION OF PART AL OR INDIVIDUAL INTERESTS INADEQUATE QUALITY OF PROGRAMMES, ETC.
JOINT ACTION IN THE PRESENTATION OF YUGOSLAV ART AND CULTURE IN THE WORLD HAS BEEN DISCONTINUED, YUGOSLAVIA IS DENIED PARTICIPATION IN INTERNATIONAL BOOK FAIRS (EIGHT PER YEAR), MUSICAL ANDTHEATRE FESTIVALS AND MANIFESTATIONS (38 PER YEAR), ART EXHIBITION AND WORKSHOPS (10PER YEAR), FILM FESTIVALS AND YUGOSLAV FILM DAYS (30 PER YEAR). CONFERENCES, ROUND TABLES, SEMINARS AND WORKSHOPS (APP. 150 PER YEAR).
WITH THE EXCEPTION OF INDIVIDUALS, PERFORMING AT THBR OWN RISK, FOREIGN SOLOISTS, ENSEMBLES, ARTISTS AND OTHER CULTURAL PERFORMERS ARE FORBIDDEN TO PARTICIPATE IN CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL EVENTS IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA.
PUBLISHING, PRINTING, BOOKSHOPS, LITERARY TRANSLATION AND LIBRARIES ARE IN AN EXTREMELY DIFFICULT SITUATION, BECAUSE COPYRIGHT ON BOOKS BY FOREIGN AUTHORS HAS BECOME DIFFICULT AND OFTEN IMPOSSIBLE TO OBTAIN. IMPORT OF INTERMEDIARIES FOR PAPER INDUSTRY AND OTHER SUPPLIES NEEDED FOR THE PRINTING OF BOOKS HAVE ALSO BEEN SUSPENDED.
AFFECTED ARE ALSO TRADITIONAL YUGOSLAV UTERARY EVENTS SUCH AS THE OCTOBER WRITER MEETING, MEETING OF TRANSLATORS, INTERNATIONAL BOOK FAIR AND TRANSLATOR'S WORKSHOP, AS WELL AS THE PARTICIPATION OF YUGOSLAV PUBLISHING HOUSES, WRITERS, TRANSLATORS, LITERARY CRITICS AND THEORETICIANS AT INTERNATIONAL CONGRESSES, MEETINGS AND BOOK FAIRS. SOME ORGANIZATIONS ABROAD REFUSE TO PUBLISH CONTRIBUTIONS OF YUGOSLAV SCHOLARS AND SCIENTISTS EVEN "N CASES WHEN CONGRESSES OR MEETINGS WERE HELD BEFORE THE UNITED NATIONS IMPOSED SANCTIONS AGAINST THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA.
FINE ARTS, THEATRE AND MUSIC ARE IN THE SAME POSITION. YUGOSLAV ARTISTS ARE ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE IN INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITIONS AND FESTIVALS ONLY AS INDIVIDUALS. AND NOT AS REPRESENTATIVES OF INSTITUTIONS OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA. IN 1992 NO FOREIGN ARTIST PARTICIPATED IN WELL-KNOWN INTERNATIONAL THEATRE FESTIVALS SUCH AS BITEF OR 'STERIJINO POZORJEV THE PARTICIPATION OF ARTISTS FROM ABROAD AT THE BEMUS AND THE INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION OF YOUNG MUSICIANS WAS SYMBOLIC, THE CHARACTER AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THESE TRADITIONALLY OPEN INTERNATIONAL MANFESTATIONS HAVE GRADUALLY VANISHED AGAINST THE WILL OF THEIR ORGANIZERS AND ART DIRECTORS.
FILM PRODUCTION WHICH IS VERY MUCH DEPENDENT ON IMPORTED MATEBAL AND EQUIPMENT, HAS ALSO BEEN AFFECTED BY THE SANCTIONS: THERE IS A BAN ON THE IMPORT OF TAPES, AS WELL AS ALMOST AIL MEANS AND MATERIALS USED IN THE MAKING OF A FILM IN SHOOTING, DEVELOPING, EDITING AND SOUND RECORDING. FOREIGN PRODUCERS REFUSE TO CONTRACT YUGOSLAV FILM PRODUCING COMPANIES AND USE THEIR TECHNICAL AND PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. FEST, THE MAIN INTERNATIONAL YUGOSLAV FILM FESTIVAL, WAS NOT HELD THIS YEAR. IMPORT AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOREIGN FLMS HAVE BEEN AFFECTED BY SANCTIONS.
ALTHOUGH THE SANCTIONS AGAINST THE FRY DO NOT EXPLICTLY INCLUDE THE FIELD OF INFORMATION, NORMAL FLOW OF INFORMATION BETWEEN YUGOSLAVIA AND OTHER COUNTRIES AND PEOPLES HAS BEEN BLOCKED IN CONTRAVENTION OF THE ESTABLISHED INTERNATIONAL CODE OF CONDUCT ENSHRNED IN THE CHARTER OF THE UNITED NATIONS, THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS AND THE CSCE DOCUMENTS.
THE SANCTIONS FROZE ALL NECESSARY COOPERATION N ALL FIELDS OF INFORMATION. YUGOSLAVIA IS NO LONGER A MEMBER OF THE INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION.
COOPERATION HAS BEEN COMPLETELY HALTED IN THE FIELD OF AUDIO-VISUAL MEDIA THE EXCHANGE WITH THE YUGOSLAV RADIO AND TELEVISION IS COMPLETELY BLOCKED. THE YUGOSLAV RADIO ANO TELEVISION WAS EXCLUDED FROM THE EUROPEAN RADIO DIFFUSION UNION ON 1 JANUARY 1993. FOREIGN PROGRAMMES ARE NEITHER IMPORTED NOR EXCHANGED. INCLUDING SPORT EVENTS, EVEN LONG-TERM INTERNATONAL CO-PRODUCTIONS LIKE THE EUROPEAN CULTURAL MAGAZINE “ALICE” HAVE BEEN SUSPENDED

THE IMPORT BAN ON SPARE PARTS AND INTERMIDEARIES FOR TV PRODUCTION THREATENS FURTHER PROGRAMME PRODUCTION. FCCEHTLY EOTABUSHED PATO SITUATIONS.
YUGOSLAV PUBLICATIONS AND DAILIES AND MAGAZINES ARE DENIED ACCESS TO FOREIGN MARKETS WHEREBY THE FRY CANNOT. IN THE SITUATION OF PROPAGANDA CAMPAIGN AGAINST IT, PRESENT ITS ARGUMENTS TO THE COUNTRARY.INFORMING OF. AND COMMUNICATION WITH, OUR MIGRANT WORKERS AND IMMIGRANTS IN OTHER COUNTRIES IS VERY DIFFICULT AND ALMOST IMPOSSIBLE
IN JUNE 1992 UNESCO 8U8PENDED. IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE UN SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE WITH YUGOSLAVIA. SUBSEQUENTLY. THS SUSPENSION WAS EXTENDED ALSO TO THE PARTICIPATION OF OUR REPRESENTATIVE IN THE WORK OF THE UNESCO EXECUTIVE BOARD AND THE INTERGOVERNMENTAL COMMITTEE FOR INFORMATICS PROGRAMMES
SINCE IT SUSPENDED YUGOSLAVIA, UNE8CO HAS INITIATED OR ORGANIZED A NUMBER OF INTERNATIONAL
ACTIONS FROM WHICH YUGOSLAVIA HAS BEEN EXCLUDED THIS EXCLUSION IS BEST IUUSTRATED BY THE UNESCO
1992-1993 PROJECT PROGRAMME OUT OF 39 PROPOSED PROJECTS FOR THE REGULAR PROGRAMME AND 15
PROPOSALS FOR THE PARTICIPATION PROGRAMME, NO PROJECT HAS BEEN REALIZED, WHEREBY SUBMISSION OF NEW
PROJECTS HAS BEEN PUT IN QUESTION
THE IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS IN CULTURE AND EDUCATION - A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE EFFECTS OF WHICH HAS BEEN GIVEN IN THIS PAPER - CAN HARDLY BE JUSTFIED BY ANY REASON WHICH THE SECURITY COUNClL OFFERED TO THE WORLD COMMUNITY WHEN IT OECIOED TO ADOPT RESOLUTION 757. IT IS IN OUTRIGHT CONTRAVENTION OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS WHICH IN ITS ARTICLE 27 PROVIDES THAT EVERYONE HAS THE RIGHT FREELY TO PARTICIPATE IN THE CULTURAL LIFE OF THE COMMUNITY. TO ENJOY THE ARTS AND TO SHARE IN SCINTIFIC ADVANCEMENT AND ITS BENEFITS' AS WELL AS OF ARTICLE 19 OF THE COVENANT ON CIVIL AND POLITICALRIGHTS PROVIDING FOR THE RIGHT OF A PERSON TO EXCHANGE INFORMATION PRECISELY « VIEW OF THE PRINCIPLES OF THE WORLD COMMUNITY AND IT8 ORGANBATON, THE MPOSEO SANCDONB AND ITS LONG-TERM AND UNFORESEEABLE CONSEQUENCES ARE A WAY TO PUNISH ONE WHOLE NATION WHICH CAN HARDLY BE JUSTIFIED. COOPERATION MECHANBMS IN THE FBJ) OF CULTURAL EXCHANGE MAWTAINED OVER YEARS AND THE PROCESS OF INTEGRATION OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA M INTERNATIONAL TRENDS AND DEVELOPMENTS HAVE BEEN INTERRUPTED AND RID OF ANY GENUINE PROSPECTS BY THE SANCTIONS IN THE FIELD OF CULTURE AND EDUCATION
ISOLATION OF A COUNTY AND ITS PEOPLE FROM INTERNATIONAL COMMUNCATION, DENIAL OF THBR RI3HT TO INFORMATION ABOUT CURRENT TRENDS AND ACHIEVEMENTS W THE FIELD OF TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT. DEMAL OF THEIR RIGHT TO EDUCATION AND TO RECEIVE AND GIVE INFORMATION. WHICH SEEM TO HAVE BEEN THE MAIN PURPOSES OF THE SANCTIONS - CONSTITUTE DANGEROU6 PRECEDENTS WHICH BRING INTO QUESTION THE BASIC PRINCIPLES OF CIVILIZATION AND HUMANITY WHICH ARE NOT ONLY EMPHASIZED BUT ALSO MANIPULATED TODAY.
APPENDIX
Letter dated 8 January 1993 from the Walt Disney
Company to MIP Politika
I REFER TO THE LICENSE AGREEMENT DATED AS OF SEPTEMBER 4, 1987 BETWEEN THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY AND MP POLITIKA(“POLITIKA”) WITH RESPECT TO THE PUBLICATION OF CERTAIN MAGAZINES N YUGOSLAVIA (THE •AGREEMENT”).
AS YOU MAY BE AWARE, THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT, THE EUROPEAN COMMUNTY AND THE UNITED NATIONS HAVE ALL RECENTLY ENACTED EMBARGOES WITH RESPECT TO THE CONDUCT OF BUSINESS IN THE FORMER SOCIALIST FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA EACHSUCH EMBARGO IMPOSES PENALTIES ON ANY COMPANY WHICH CONTINUES TO DO BUSINESS IN SUCH REGION AND THE UNITED STATES GOVERMENT EMBARGO PROVIDES FOR VERY SERIOUS PENALTES FOR UNITED STATES COMPANIE9 WHCH OO NOT ABIDE BY SUCH EMBARGO. THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY IS AFFECTED BY ALL OF 8UCH EMBARGOES.
ACCORDINGLY. POLITIKA IS HERE BY INSTRUCTED TO IMMEDIATELYTERMINATE ALL ACTIVITES UNDER THE AGREEMENT UNTIL FURTHER NOTICE. PLEASE IMMEDIATELY CONFIRM TO THIS OFFICE THAT POLITIKA WILL COMPLY WITH 8UCH INSTRUCTION.
(Signed) Paul BEZILLA Counsel

SANCTIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL AND MINORITY RIGHTS IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA
ONE OF THE BASIC RIGHTS GUARANTEED BY ALL INTERNATIONAL COVENANTS IS THE RIGHT TO EQUALITY OF ALL PEOPLE REGARDLESS OF THEIR NATIONAL ORIGIN. HISTORICAL INTERMIXTURE AND INTERDEPENDENCE OF PEOPLES IS REFLECTED IN THE INCORPORATION OF THIS DEMOCRATIC PRINCIPLE IN NATIONAL LEGISLATIONS OF ALL COUNTRIES THAT ASPIRE TO BE DEMOCRATIC. A SPECIAL ASPECT OF THIS EQUALHY IS THE RELATION TOWARDS MEMBERS OF NATIONAL MINORITIES, I.E. INDIVIDUALS BELONGING TO NATIONAL, ETHNIC, LANGUAGE AND RELIGIOUS MINORITIES IRRESPECTIVE OF THEIR NUMBER
THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA IS AMONG THE FEW COUNTRIES WITH ABOUT 20 DIFFERENT NATIONAL GROUPS, ACCOUNTING FOR ABOUT 23 PER CENT OF THE COUNTRY'S TOTAL POPULATION. SOME MINORITY GROUPS (ALBANIANS) ACCOUNT FOR AS MUCH AS 16 PER CENT OF THAT POPULATION. CONSEQUENTLY, AWARE OF THE IMPORTANCE OF THIS ISSUE, YUGOSLAVIA HAS ALWAYS DEVOTED SPECIAL ATTENTION TO ITS ADEQUATE REGULATION. IN ITS INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITY IN THIS FIELD, YUGOSLAVIA WAS ONE OF THE INITIATORS AND MOST ACTIVE MEMBERS OF APPROPRIATE UN BODIES WHICH FOR YEARS WORKED ON AND ADOPTED ONLY IN 1992 THE UNITED NATIONS DECLARATION ON THE RIGHTS OF PERSONS BELONGING TO NATIONAL OR ETHNIC, RELIGIOUS OR LANGUAGE MINORITIES. HOWEVER THE EXISTING UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS HAVE COMPOUNDED YUGOSLAVIA'S PROBLEMS IN ENSURING THE GUARANTEE, EXERCISE AND PROTECTION OF THE MINORITY RIGHTS. THEY CREATE A PRETEXT FOR MINORITY MEMBERS TO BLAME THE GOVERNMENT FOR ALLEGEDLY DENYING THEM THEIR RIGHTS RATHER THAN THE OVERALL SITUATION IN THE COUNTRY IN WHICH EVEN THE RIGHT TO LIFE AND HEALTH, THE BASIC HUMAN RIGHT, IS THREATENED.
HOWEVER, IT IS QUITE OBVIOUS THAT IN THE CONDITIONS OF SANCTIONS IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO ENSURE TO CITIZENS, NATIONALS OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA, NOT ONLY THE ACHIEVED LEVEL OF THE STANDARD OF LIVING THEY HAD BEFORE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SANCTIONS, BUT THAT IT IS ALSO ABSOLUTELY IMPOSSIBLE TO STOP ITS PLUMMETING DECLINE. THESE DEVELOPMENTS, COMPOUNDED BY A RAPID DETERIORATION OF THE COUNTRY'S ECONOMY WHICH HAD JUST BEGUN TO ENJOY THE FIRST FRUITS OF OWNERSHIP TRANSFORMATION, CANNOTBUT PROVOKE SOCIAL UNREST AND, ft A MULTI-NATIONAL STATE, AS THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA, FURTHER COMPLICATE INTER-ETHNIC RELATIONS. AND WHILE IN ETHNICALLY HOMOGENEOUS SOCIETIES SUCH DEVELOPMENTS BRING ABOUT SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES, IN A MULTI-ETHNIC ENVIRONMENT THEY MAY EASILY PUTREFY INTO NATIONAL AND ETHNIC DISCRIMINATION AND SERVE AS A PRETEXT FOR ALLEGATIONS THAT MINORITY RIGHTS ARE THREATENED AND DENIED, ILLUSTRATIVE OF THIS SITUATION ARE THE COMPLAINTS OF A NUMBER OF MINORITY GROUPS (HUNGARIANS, ROMANIANS, SLOVAKS) THAT THEIR RIGHT TO BE INFORMED IN THEIR MOTHER TONGUE IS THREATENED SINCE THE GOVERNMENT ALLEGEDLY DENIES THIS RIGHT TO THIS SECTION OF ITS CITIZENS. HOWEVER, THE TRUTH IS QUITE DIFFERENT: THERE IS AN OVERWHELMING SHORTAGE OF NEWSPRINT AFFECTING EQUALLY ALL NEWS AGENCES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE BLOCKAOE. SIMILAR REACTION AND STRONG OPPOSITION WERE RENDERED TO THE DECISION TO REDUCE THE PROGRAMME ON TV SERBIA IN MINORITY LANGUAGES. THE SITUATION WAS OVERCOME BY THE SO-CALLED POSITIVE DISCRIMINATION WHEREBY MINORITY LANGUAGE PROGRAMMES WERE SAVED FROM CUTS WHICH OTHERWISE WERE MADE IN THE ENTIRE RADIO AND TELEVISION OF SERBIA.
YUGOSLAVIA, AND ITS CONSTITUENT STATES OF SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO, ARE THE STATES OF ALL ITS CITIZENS, UNLIKE SOME FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLICS WHICH, ACCORDING TO THEIR CONSTITUTIONS, ARE NATIONAL STATES. IT IS NO EXAGGERATION TO AVER THAT, BEFORE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF SANCTIONS AND IN PARTICULAR BEFORE THEIR EFFECTS BEGAN TO BE FELT, MINORITIES IN YUGOSLAVIA ENJOYED THE RIGHTS GUARANTEED BOTH IN LEGAL NORM AND IN PRACTICE DUE TO THE POLICY OF POSITIVE DISCRIMINATION, IN CONTRAST TO SOME OTHER COUNTRIES WHICH ALSO HAVE NATIONAL MINORITIES. THUS, FOR EXAMPLE, ACCORDING TO 1991 EBU STATISTICS, VOL 1.3, SUMMARY OF RADIO AND TV PROGRAMMES FOR SPECIAL GROUPS. SURVEYING 40 RADIO AND TELEVISION ORGANIZATIONS

FROM 26 COUNTRIES, INCLUDING FORMER YUGOSLAVIA WITH ALL ITS REPUBLICAN RADIO AND TELEVISION CENTRES, THE RTV NOVI SAD HAD THE GREATEST NUMBER OF ANNUAL PROGRAMMES FOR MINORITY GROUPS WITH 14.783 RADIO AND 1147 TELEVISION HOURS. THE SLOVAK RTV WAS DISTANT SECOND WITH 2520 HOURS OF RADIO PROGRAMME. AS TO FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLICS, ACCORDING TO THE SAME SOURCE, THE MACEDONIAN RTV BROADCAST288 HOURS OF TELEVISION PROGRAMME, WHILE THE SLOVENIAN RTV BROADCAST 142 OF RADIO AMD 42 HOURS OF TELEVISION PROGRAMME (IT SHOULD BE POINTED OUT THAT THE RTV OF SLOVENIA DIFFERENTIATED BETWEEN ETHNIC AND IMMIGRANTS' PROGRAMMES).
AS FAR AS YUGOSLAVIA IS CONCERNED, THE NOVI SAD RTV HAS MAINTAINED A HIGH LEVEL AND STANDARD OF RADIO AND TV PROGRAMMES IN MINORITY LANGUAGES, DESPITE THE DIFFICULT ECONOMIC SITUATION AGGRAVATED BY THE SECURITY COUNCIL SANCTIONS.
FURTHERMORE, IN SERBIA ALONE 93 PAPERS ARE PUBLISHED IN MINORTTY LANGUAGES, MANY OF WHICH ARE EXPERIENCING FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES, WHEREVER THE GOVERNMENT, PLAGUED BY FINANCIAL STRUCTURES ITSELF. PARTICULARLY NOW, IS UNABLE TO PROVIDE NECESSARY SUBSIDIES TO ENSURE THE PUBLICATION OF THESE PAPERS AT THE LEVEL OF THEIR PREVIOUS CIRCULATION.
THE SITUATION IN THE MINORITY LANGUAGES MEDIA IS THE BEST ILLUSTRATION OF THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC SANCTIONS ON YUGOSLAVIA FOR, ALTHOUGH THE GOVERNMENT HAS UNDERTAKEN UNDER THE COUNTRY'S CONSTITUTION AND POSITIVE LAWS AND IS WILLING TO SUBSIDIZE THE PUBLICATION OF MINORITY LANGUAGE NEWSPAPERS, IT IS BECOMING EVER MORE DIFFICULT FOR IT TO REALIZE THIS UNDERTAKING. THIS COULD RESULT, AGAINST THE WILL OF THE GOVERNMENT STATE. IN MINORITIES' COMPLAINTS AND ALLEGATIONS THAT THEY ARE DISCRIMINATED AGAINST VIS-A-VIS OTHER CITIZENS, HOWEVER, IT SHOULD BE BORNE IN MIND THAT MANY CITIZENS, ESPECIALLY THE MOST VULNERABLE SEGMENTS OF THE POPULATION (PENSIONERS. WORKERS ON MANDATE LEAVE, UNEMPLOYED) CAN NO LONGER AFFORD TO BUY NEWSPAPERS DUE TO ROCKETING PRICES AS A RESULT OF THE IMPOSED SANCTIONS.
IT TAKES A DISCERNING AND UNBIASED EYE TO SEE THAT, DESPITE THE SITUATION IT HAS FOUND ITSELF IN. THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA HAS DONE NOTHING TO ENDANGER THE RIGHTS OF MEMBERS OF NATIONAL MINORITIES. ON THE CONTRARY. THE YUGOSLAV GOVERNMENT IS PREPARING A LAW WHICH WILL PROVIDE THE MEMBERS OF NATIONAL MINORITIES AND ETHNIC GROUPS UVING IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA WITH ADDITIONAL GUARANTEES TO THE NUMEROUS RIGHTS INCORPORATED IN THE CONSTITUTION OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA AND IN INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS.

UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS AND SCINTIFIC AMD TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA
THE UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS HAVE VERY ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA AND ITS INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC, TECHNOLOGICAL AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION.
ALL YUGOSLAVIA'S AGREEMENTS ON INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC. TECHNOLOGICAL AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION, AS WELL AS ITS MEMBERSHIP IN INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (UNDP, UNIDO, IAEA. ETC.) HAVE BEEN SUSPENDED AND ANNULLED, WHEREBY ITS COOPERATION WITH THESE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS HAS BEEN DISCONTINUED OR REDUCED TO A BARE MINIMUM (COOPERATION WITH UNESCO IS VERY LIMITED, WITH UNDP IT WAS UNTIL RECENTLY REDUCED TO HUMANITARIAN ACTIONS AND NOW IT IS PRACTICALLY SUSPENDED), IT IS ESTIMATED THAT THE INTERRUPTION OF THE ACTIVITIES WTHIN THE NATIONAL PROGRAMME WITH RESPECT TO THE V UNDP PROGRAMME CYCLE AND THE NON-APPROVAL OF A NEW NATIONAL PROGRAMME (V PROGRAMME CYCLE) CAUSED: I) LOSS OF ABOUT 8 MIUON DOLLARS (DIRECT UNDP TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE AND REGIONAL PROGRAMME FCR EUROPE), II) LOSS OF ADDITIONAL 40 MILLION DOLLARS (WHICH WOULD HAVE BEEN ATTRACTED BY INTIAL RESOURCES). FU^HERMORE, THE SUSPENSION OF NEGOTIATIONS ON THE PHARE PROGRAMME (WITH EC) ACCOUNTED FOR THE LOSS OF PROJECT FINANCING OF ABOUT 45 MILLION ECU (WHICH WAS EXPECTED TO BE ALLOCATED TO THE TERRITORY OF THE PRESENT FR OF YUGOSLAVIA) OF COURSE FINANCIAL AND OTHER LOSSES ARE FAR GREATER IF ACCOUNT IS TAKEN OF OTHER NUMEROUS PROGRAMMES WITH THE MOST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES.
ALL PROJECTS WITH THE MOST SIGNIFICANT PARTNERS OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA IN THE FIELD OF SCIENTIFIC, TECHNOLOGICAL ANO TECHNICAL COOPERATION HAVE BEEN SUSPENDED, POSTPONED OR FROZEN THIS ACCOUNTED FOR THE IMPOSSIBUJTYTO REALIZE PROJECTS OF SPECFIC INTEREST FOR YUGOSLAVIA'S DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS A MARKET AND EFFECTIVE ECONOMY; THE IMPOSSIBILITY TO USE INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCES AND EXCHANGE MATEFBAL. EQUIPMENT, EXPERTS; THE IMPOSSIBILITY TO OBTAIN ASSISTANCE (FINANCIAL, TECHNICAL, ETC.) FOR EXAMPLE, ONLY IN COOPERATION WITH THE USA, THE CONTINUATION OF OVER 100 JOINT PROJECTS HAS BEEN SUSPENDED (WHOSE VALUE IN DIRECT COSTS IS OVER 2 MLION DOLLARS AND EXPECTED RESULTS MUCH HIGHER), WHILE THE SUSPENSION OF THE AGREEMENT ON THE JOINT FUND ANNUAL INVESTMENT WAS 2.5 MLLION DOLLARS BOTH BY THE US AND YUGOSLAV SIDES) RESULTED IN THE LOSS OF MANY NEW PROJECTS. FURTHERMORE, CONSIDERING THE PROJECTS WITH EITHER OTHER WESTERN COUNTRIES (PARTICULARLY ITALY, FR OF GERMANY, FRANCE, SPAIN, THE NETHERLANDS) OR EASTERN COUNTRIES (PARTICULARLY RUSSIA. CZECH REPUBLIC, POLAND, ETC.) THE LOSSES ARE MUCH GREATER
OUR COUNTRY HAS BEEN EXCLUOED OR PREVENTED FROM OBTAINING INFORMATION (FROM PARTICIPATING IN THE WORK) FROM MAJOR INTERNATIONAL INSTALLATIONS AND DATA BASES (CERN, EARN, OUS). SINCE THE MOST IMPORTANT DATA BASE AND INSTALLATIONS ARE CONTROLLED BY THE EC AND OECD - WHICH SEVERED ALL COMMUNICATIONS WITH THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA - NORMAL COMMUNICATIONS ARE IMPOSSIBLE NOT ONLY WITH EUROPE BUT ALSO WITH THE REST OF THE WORLD, WCLUDWG THE OBTAINING OF INFORMATION NECESSARY FOR THE ADJUSTMENT OF OUR PRODUCTION, TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC STANDARDS. TUB WILL, NO DOUBT, HAVE SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE EFFECTS ON THE YUGOSLAV SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT AND MAKE IT IMPOSSIBLE FOR IT TO INTEGRATE SUCCESSFULLY INTO WORLD TRENDS FOR YEAR8 TO COME. IT IS ALSO NOT POSSIBLE TO ATTEND INTERNATIONAL GATHERINGS, RECEIVE FOREIGN MAGAZINES, EXCHANGE PUBLICATIONS AND OTHER SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL INFORMATION, WHICH MAKES THE PROTECTION OF PATENTS, LICENCES, ETC. IMPOSSIBLE OR VERY DIFFICULT.
THE BAN ON THE EXPORTS OF EQUFMENT TO THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA CREATED THE SITUATION *J WHICH OUR SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTION, AS WELL AS THE ENTIRE ECONOMY, ARE DEPRIVED OF THE POSSIBILITY TO OBTA NTHE INDISPENSABLE EQUIPMENT NEEDED NOT ONLY FOR THE MODERNIZATION BUT ALSO FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF THE EXISTING TECHNICAL CAPACITY, MOST OF WHICH HAS BEEN PROVIDED BY THE DEVELOPED COUNTRIES. IN VIEW OF THE FACT THAT EQUIPMENT, RESEARCH AND OTHER MATERIAL ARE OF CRUCIAL IMPORTANCE FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AND ESPECIALLY TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT, IT IS NORMAL THAT THE QUANTITY AND QUALITY OF RESEARCH AND EFFECTIVE APPLICATION OF SCIENTIFIC RESULTS IN PRACTICE HAVE DECLINED.
ALMOST ALL SPECIALIZATION OPPORTUNITIES FOR OUR EXPERTS IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES HAVE BEEN SUSPENDED (PARTICULARLY THE MOST IMFORTANT FORMS OF SPECIALIZATION, POSTGRADUATE STUDIES, ETC.) SINCE THESE FORMS OF COOPERATION WERE MAINLY BASED ON INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS (AGREEMENTS WITH GOVERNMENTS, THE JOINT YUGOSLAV-US SCIENTFIC FUND, THE FULBRKSHT PROGRAMME ETC.). AT LEAST OVER 500 YUGOSLAV SCIENTISTS AND YOUNG EXPERTS AVAILED THEMSELVES OF FOREIGN SPECIALIZATION OPPORTUNITIES ARISING FROM VARIOUS NTER-STATE AGREEMENTS AND PROGRAMMES (WITHIN THE PROJECT COOPERATION WITH THE USA OVER 100 A YEAR, WITHIN THE FULBRKSHT PROGRAMME 50, ON THE BASIS OF COOPERATION WITH INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS ABOUT 30, WITHIN COOPERATION WITH JAPAN 26. ETC.).
SUCH A SITUATION INDUCED A LARGE NUMBER OF YOUNG EXPERTS TO DECIDE TO GO ABROAD WHICH, ON THE ONE HAND, DEALT A SERIOUS BLOW TO MANY YUGOSLAV INSTITUTIONS (EXPERTS LEAVNG THEIR JOBS) AND, ON THE OTHER, OUR PLANS FOR THE FUTURE (EMIGRATION OF STUDENTS WHO HAVE JUST GRADUATED ESPECIALLY IN INDUSTRIES VERY MUCH NEEDED BY OUR ECONOMY). ONLY AT THE END OF 1991, DURING 1992 AND IN EARLY 1993, 181 EXPERTS LEFT YUGOSLAV UNIVERSITIES (ALTHOUGH ALL OF THEM WERE MATERWLLY TAKEN CARE OF), AS WELL AS A GREAT NUMBER OF GRADUATE STUDENTS, EVEN SECONOARY-SCHOOL STUDENTS, (IN BELGRADE SECONDARY SCHOOLS ALONE. 63 STUDENTS LEFT IN 1991, 95 DURING 1992 AND 24 IN ONE MONTH AND A HALF IN 1993).
ON THE WHOLE, THE SANCTIONS HAVE HAD VERY HARMFUL AND SERIOUS EFFECTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA. THEY HAVE AGGRAVATED EVEN FURTHER YEARS-LONG ADVERSE ECONOMIC TRENDS, DEEPENED THE EXISTING DISPROPORTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT, AND HAVE BEEN A CONTRIBUTORY FACTOR IN THE

SHARP FALL OF PRODUCTION AND GDP, MASS UNEMPLOYMENT, HYPERINFLATION. INCREASING BALANCE-OF-PAYMENT DEFICIT AND DEEP STRUCTURAL DISTORTIONS, STYMIENG EACH AND EVERY DYNAMISM AND ENTERPRENEURSHIP IN THE ECONOMY. THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE PERIOD OF THE IMPOSITION OF' SANCTIONS ALL INDICES HAVE BEEN NEGATIVE:
• INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION FELL BY ABOUT 40 PER CENT DURING THE SAID PERIOD; IN THE FIRST TWO MONTHS OF 1993 ALONE, THE VOLUME OF INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION WAS LOWER BY 22 PER CENT AS AGAINST DECEMBER 1992;
- IN 1992. EXPORTS FELL (AS AGAINST 1991) BY 46 PER CENT (EXPORTS TO DEVELOPED MARKETS FELL BY 54 PER CENT);
- BALANCE-OF-PAYMENT DEFICIT MULTIPLIED OVER 2.5 TIMES IN THE 1991-1992 PERIOD;
- UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG THE WORKING AND EDUCATED POPULATION INCREASED TO OVER 22 PER CENT IN 1992 (60 PER CENT OFTHEM GRADUATED FROM UNIVERSITIES OR COMPLETED HIGHER OR SECONDARY SCHOOLS)
THE ISOLATION AND EXCOMMUNICATION OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA FROM INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC RELATIONS HAVE BEEN MANIFESTED IN PRACTICE ALSO BY MANY EXAMPLES Of ONE-SIDED INTERPRETATIONS OF THE SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION BY SOME STATES WHICH, CONSIDERING THE CHARACTER AND SCOPE OF THE MEASURES TAKEN, OFTEN GO FAR BEYONO THE MEASURES TAKEN BY THE UNITED NATIONS.
THE SUSPENSION OF SCIENTIFIC. TECHNICAL AN3 CULTURAL COOPERATION DUE TO THE UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS IS INCONSISTENT WITH THE OBLIGATIONS OF STATES ENSHRINED IN THE PROVISIONS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC. SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS (ARTICLE 15, PARA 4) RELATING TO PROVIDING ASSISTANCE AND DEVELOPING INTERNATIONAL LINKS AND COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF SCIENCE AND CULTURE.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF SANCTIONS AGMNST THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA
UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS ESTABLISHING SANCTIONS AGAINST THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA DO NOT PROVIDE FOR MEASURE8 AGAINST THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA. HOWEVER, IT WAS TO BE ASSUMED ALREADY AT THE TIME OF THE IMPOSITION OF THE SANCTIONS AND IT HAS BEEN PROVED EVER SINCE THAT THE EFFECTS OF THE SANCTIONS CANNOT BE LIMITED TO THE POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SPHERES ALONE. ON THE CONTRARY THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN THE PROCLAIMED GOAL OF IMPOSING SANCTIONS NOT AGAINST THE POPULATION, ITS HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT AND THE REAL SITUATION IS THERE FOR EVERYBODY TO SEE.
ENORMOUS ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE HAS BEEN DONE SINCE THE ENVIRONMENT IS AN INTEGRAL AND INSEPARABLE PART OF LIFE AND DEVELOPMENT. THIS WAS CONFIRMED ALSO AT THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT HELD IN RIO DE JANEIRO IN JUNE 1992. THE ENVIRONMENT KNOWS NO FRONTIERS. THE EFFECTS OF THE SANCTIONS ARE TELLTALE PROOF THAT A PRECEDENT HAS BEEN MADE IN INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL EFFORTS, IN VIOLATION OF MANY DOCUMENTS OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AIMED AT ADDRESSING ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS AS A CIVILIZATIONAL ACHIEVEMENT AT THE END OF THE 20TH CENTURY.
NOT ONLY IS THE POPULATION OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA IN DANGER BUT ALSO THE PEOPLE OF NEIGHBOURING AND OTHER EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. OUR REGION HAS BECOME TESTING GROUNO OF THE READINESS OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY TO COMPLY WTTH THE PRINCIPLES IT ITSELF HAS ADOPTED, PRIMARILY THE ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF MAN'S RIGHT TO LIFE IN A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT. MAN AS A HUMAN BBNQ IS ENOANGERED, IE., HIS INALIENABLE RIGHTS TO HEALTH, PRESERVATION AND IMPROVEMENT Of THE ENVIRONMENT, TO THE REDUCTION AND PREVENTION OF ALL FORMS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION, HIS RIGHT TO HAVE ACCESS TO INFORMATION AND THE REALIZATION OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES IN THIS FIELD, HIS FIGHT TO A HUMANE APPROACH TO HIS LIFE AND DEVELOPMENT, AS WELL AS MANY OTHER RIGHTO HE IS ENTITLED TO IN ACCORDANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL AND DOMESTIC STANDARDS. ALL THIS HAS HAD A NEGATIVE IMPACT ON THE EXERCISE OF INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE HUMAN RIGHTS AND ON THE QUALITY OF MANS LIFE AND LIFE EXPECTANCY
THE IMPACT THE SANCTIONS HAVE HAD ON THE ENVIRONMENT IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA IS MANIFOLD AND VERY ADVERSE IT IS MANIFESTED PRIMARLY IN THE EVER MORE FREQUENT DESTRUCTION TEMPORARY OR PERMANENT OF MAN'S SURROUNDINGS AND IN THE DETERIORATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS AND THE PROTECTION REGIME.
THERE ARE MANY EXAMPLES OF THE NEGATIVE WPACT OF SANCTIONS.
IN CONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC ISOLATION AND EXISTENTIAL THREAT, WITTINGLY OR UNWITTINGLY MAN BECOMES A BIRD OF PREY TO NATIONAL RESOURCES, EVEN THOSE SUBJECT TO SPECIAL PROTECTION REGIVE. A FORCED PAUPERIZATION OF A SOCIETY REDUCES ITS READINESS AND CAPACITIES TO INVEST IN THE ENVIRONMENT. IN YUGOSLAVIA'S CASE UNCONTROLLED DEFORESTATION INCREASES THE DAMAGE TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND MAY CAUSE SIGNIFICANT CUMATIC CHANGES IN THE CARPATHIANS.
THERE IS AN INCREASING LIKELIHOOD THAT POLLUTION COULD BE “EXPORTED” FROM THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA TO OTHER COUNTRIES OR 'IMPORTED' TO THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA FROM THEM SINCE POLLUTION KNOWS NO FRONTIERS. THIS IS ALSO AN INCREASING RISK OF ILLEGAL IMPORT OF HAZARDOUS WASTES AND POLLUTION CAUSED BY ENVIRONMENTAL ACCIDENTS.
ADEQUATE SUBSTITUTION OF IMPORTED RAW MATERIALS AND INTERMEDIARY GOODS, IN THE CONDITIONS OF SANCTIONS, IS NOT ALWAYS POSSIBLE. BECAUSE IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO OBTAIN SPARE PARTS, THERE IS AN IMMINENT DANGER THAT ACCIDENTS N SOME INSTALLATIONS MIGHT CAUSE ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION WHOSE CONSEQUENCES WOULD AFFECT THE AREA BEYOND NATIONAL BORDERS (E.G. THE HYDROELECTRK; POWER PLANT “DJERDAP” COULD BE SERIOUSLY AFFECTED BECAUSE THE LACK SPARE PARTS COULD PREVENT ADEQUATE MAINTANCE OF HINTERLAND PROTECTION FAOUTIBS, WHEREFORE ABOUT 100 THOUSAND HECTARES OF ARABLE LAND IN VOJVODINA MIGHT BE MUNDATED THIS SPRING).
DUE TO ECONOMIC SANCTIONS AND THE ISOLATION OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA, COOPERATION IN MANY INTERNATIONAL PROJECTS HAS BEEN DISCONTINUED; INTERNATIONALFINANCIAL SUPPORT HAS BEEN WITHHELD, TOO. IT IS ESTIMATED THAT 23 COOPERATION PROJECTS IN THE TERRITORY OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA PREVIOUSLY VERIFIED ON VARIOUS BASES, HAVE BEEN CALLED OFF. IT IS THUS EXPECTED THAT THE OVERALL INVESTMENT LOSS WILL AMOUNT TO US $ 1.5 BILLION (EG. LOSS BECAUSE OF COOPERATION SUSPENSION OF THE TEMPOS PROJECT CONCERNING EDUCATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION EXPERTS BETWEEN THE UNIVERSITY OF NOVI SAD AND EC COUNTRIES; LOSS BECAUSE OF YUGOSLAVIAS NON-PARTIOPATION IN THE PROJECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN THE DANUBE BASIN WHICH IS BIENG PREPARED N THE EC AND IS VALUED AT SEVERAL MILLION DOLLARS AND, F THE SANCTIONS CONTINUE TO BE APPLIED AND THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA IS REMOVED FROM THIS PROJECT, THE LOSS WILL. REACH THE FIGURE OF SEVERAL HUNDRED MILLION US DOLLARS M THE COMING YEARS. THE LONG-TERM ENVIRONMENTAL WPACT OF THE SANCTIONS CAN ALSO RESULT FROM THE SUSPENSION OF COOPERATION WITH THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA IN THE PROTECTION OF THE ADRIATIC FROM POLLUTION WITHIN THE MEDITERRANEAN ACTION PROGRAMME),
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION, STUDY TOURS AND PARTICIPATION INSEMINARS HAVE ALSO SEEN SUSPENDED, AS WELL AS THE USE OF DATA BASES IN MANY INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS, SUCH AS UN, UNEP, OECD, EC, HEXAGONALE, MEDITERRANEAN PROJECT, REGIONAL CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT IN BUDAPEST, ETC. YUGOSLAV DATA HAVE BEEN DEWED ACCESS TO DATA BASES AT THE REGIONAL EUROPEAN AND INTERNATIONAL LEVELS. THE DAMAGE CAUSED IN THAT WAY CANNOT BE ESTIMATED FROM THE FINANCIAL POINT OF VIEW BUT IS CERTAINLY SUBSTANTIAL AND LONG-TERM.
THE IMPLEMENTATION OF NUMEROUS INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS HAS BEEN JEOPARDIZED (THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA RATIFIED 49 CONVENTIONS). THE SANCTIONS HAVE, THUS, PREVENTEO THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA FROM

IMPLEMENTING THE CONVENTION ON THE OZONE LAYER PROTECTION AND THE MONTREAL PROTOCOL CONCERNING THE SUBSITUTION OF CFC CHEMICAL, PHARMACEUTICAL AND OTHER PREPARATIONS AND THE PRODUCTION OF REFRIGERATORS. THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA DOES NOT PRODUCE CFC, BUT BECAUSE OF THE SANCTONS IT CANNOT ACCELERATE THE SUBSITTUTION OF CFC-BASED TECHNOLOGES.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLEAN AND SAFE TECHNOLOGIES HAS BEEN SLOWED DOWN AFFECTING NOT ONLY YUGOSLAVIA BUT ALBOTHE NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES,
THE SYSTEM OF CONTROL AND MONITORING OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IS ALSO THREATENED
THE SANCTIONS ALSO HAMPER THE REALIZATION OF AN EXCEPTIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT - THE IDEA OF AN ECOLOGICAL STATE IN MONTENEGRO, ONE OF THE REPUBLICS OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA.
INTHE CONDITIONS OF SANCTONS, CULTURAL MONUMENTS UNDER UNESCO PROTECTION (KOTOR, TARA, SOPOCAN) INCLUDED IN THE WORLD HERITAGE CAN BE ALSO ** BECAUSE OF THE ECCONOMIC STTUATION AND EVER MORE DIFFICULT CONDITION FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROTECTION MEASURES, ON THE ONE HAND, AND, ON THE OTHER, BECAUSE OF THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF THE INCREASED ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION.
UNFORTUNATELY, THE SUMMARY DOES NOT INCLUDE ALL INSTANCES OF ADVERSE AND. IN SOME CASES, DEVASTATING EFFECTS OF SANCTIONS ON THE PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT. ON THE CONTRARY, EVERY DAY THE SANCTONS ARE APPLIED INCREASES NOT ONLY THE SCOPE OF THE PRESENT PFOBLEMS BUT CREATES NEW ONES AS WELL
AT THE THRESHOLD OF THE 21 ST CENTURY. WHEN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS ARE TREATED AS IN INTEGRAL PART OF DEVELOPMENT, THE CITIZENS OF A COUNTRY. A FOUNDING MEMBER OF THE UNITED NATIONS, ARE DENIED THIER INALIENABLE RIGHTS TO LIFE AND HEALTH
THE ISOLATION OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA ALREADY HAS AND WILL HAVE UNFORESEEABLE. EVEN PREPARABLE. CONSEQUENCES FOR THE ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SITUATION OF ITS POPULATION.
THERE IS A REAL DANGER THAT THE ENVIRONMENT OF MILLIONS OF PEOPLE IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA AND ITS NEIGHBOURHOOD BE PERMANENTLY DAMAGED WHOM CAN THREATEN FURTHER OVERALL DEVELOPMENT IN THE REGION. THE EFECTS OF THE ISOLATION FROM THE WORLD, IRESPECTIVE OF THE PROCLAIMED POLITICAL AND EOONOMIC GOALS WILL BE FELT BY FUTURE INNOCENT GENERATIONS. THE LIFTING OF SANCTIONS IN THIS AREA IS, THEREFORE, THE MAM PRECONDITION FOR ENSURING THE SUCCEEDING GENERATIONS EQUAL OPPORTUNITY TO DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESS, GUARANTEED TO THEM BY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNTTY IN ITS BASIC DOCUMENTS.
SANCTIONS ANO SOCIAL BENEFITS REMITTANCES TO YUGOSLAVIA
BAN OF ALL FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS IMPOSED BY UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 757 INTERRUPTED PAYMENT OF FOREIGN PENSIONS, CHILD AND OTHER SOCIAL BENEFITS TO RECIPIENTS LIVING IN THE FR Of YUGOSLAVIA, SO THAT NOW, ONE YEAR LATER, THEIR VERY EXISTENCE IS SERIOUSLY THREATENED.
IN YUGOSLAVIA THERE ARE ABOUT 60 THOUSAND RECIPIENTS OF FORIEGN PENSIONS. ABOUT 40 THOUSAND OF CHILDREN RECEMNG FOREIGN SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFITS AND 500 THOUSAND OF PERSONS ENTITLED TO FOREIGN HEALTH INSURANCE, INCLUDING RETIRED PERSONS AND MEMBERS OF FAMILIES Of YUGOSLAV WORKERS EMPLOYED ABROAD. IN MOST CASES, THESE RIGHTS HAVE BEEN REGULATED BY BILATERAL SOCIAL INSURANCE AGREEMENTS WHICH YUGOSLAVIA CONCLUDED WITH 20 COUNTRIES AND WHCH, IN THE PRESENT CIRCUMSTANCES, CONTINUE IN FORCE IN ALL OTHER PROVISIONS. THESE AGREEMENTS COMPRISE THE PRINCIPLES ENSHRINED IN THE UNITED NATIONS SYSTEM SUCH AS THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTER.THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RKJHTS, NCLUONGILO CONVENTIONS SUCH AS CONVENTION NO. 102 CONCERNING MINIMUM STANDARDS OF SOCIAL'SECURITY AND CONVENTION NO. 48 CONCERNING THE PROTECTION OF RHIGHTS OF MIGRANT WORKERS. BY IMPLEMENTING RESOLUTION 757 IN THE FIELD OF SOCIAL SECURITY, UNITED NATIONS MEMBER STATESVIOLATE IN THE MOST FLAGRANT WAY THE SAID PRINCIPLES, EVEN THOUGH THEY ARE NOT REQUESTED TO DO SO IN THE RESOLUTION THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SANCTIONS IN THIS FIELD IS IN DIRECT CONTRAVENTION OF ARTICLE 8 OF THE INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RHIGHTS WHICH GUARANTEES THE RIGHT OF EVERYONE TO SOCIAL PROTECTION AND INSURANCE
THE YUGOSLAV SIDE TOOK A NUMBER OF STEPS IN ORDER TO CREATE CONDITIONS IN WHICH UNITED NATIONS MEMBER STATES GOVERNMENTS COULD BRING POSTIVE DECIESION ON THIS MATTER, IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE COMMITTEE'S RECOMMENDATIONS. 80, THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT BROUGHT A DECREE INSTRUCTING YUGOSLAV BANKS TO DISBURSE WITHIN SEVEN DAYS AU PENSIONS, RENTS, CHILD AND OTHER SOCIAL BENEFITS REMITTED FROM ABROAD TO THEIR REOPENTS. COMPETENT AUTHORITIES IN ALL RELEVANT FOREIGN COUNTRIES, SUCH AS MINISTRIES OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS, MINISTRIES OF LABOUR AND ** DEPARTMENTS CHARGE OF IMPLEMENTING SOCIAL SECURITY AGREEMENTS HAVE BEEN ADVISED OF THE DECREE THEY HAVE BEEN ALSO OFFERED TRANSFER MODALITIES THAT WOULD MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE SAID COMMITTEE
UNFORTUNATELY, CONCRETE RESULTS ARE NOT YET FORTHCOMING. ONLY THE UNITED STATES, CANADA AND AUSTRALIA CONTNUE TO SEND CHEQUES TO THEIR PENSIONERS IN YUGOSLAVIA.
IT IS REALISTIC TO EXPECT THAT, AFTER THE TIGHTENING OF SANCTIONS ON 26 APRIL 1993, THE SITUATION
WILL BE EVEN MORE DIFFICULT. AS IT STANDS NOW, GERMANY AUSTRIA, FRANCE AND GREAT BRITAIN, ALLOW YUGOSLAV CITIZENS TO COLLECT THEIR BENEFITS IN THESE COUNTRIES UNDER CERTAIN CONDITIONS, THIS IS ALSO POSSIBLE IN THE NETHERLANDS. ACCORDING TO AVAILABLE INFORMATION OVER 50 PER CENT OF SOCIAL SECURITY BENEFICIARES HAVE TRAVELLED ABROAD TO COLLECT THEIR MONEY. IN DOING SO, THEY HAVE EXPOSED THEMSALVES TO FINANCIAL AND PHYSICAL STRAINS, AS WELL AS TO ALL SORTS OF OTHER HUMILIATIONS AS THEY QUEUE FOR VISAS, CHANGE BUSES, TRAINS OR PLANES ANO ARE OFTEN TREATED IN A MOST UNCOOPERATIVE WAY AS THEY PURSUE ONE OF THE MOST BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS ENSHRINED IN ALL INTERNATIONAL DOCUMENTS. MOST OF THESE PEOPLE ARE Of ADVANCED AGE AMD OFTEN NOT W THE BEST OF HEALTH AMD IT 18 AN OUTRAGE TO THN< THAT THEY ARE DEWED THBR LONG-DESERVED RIGHTS JUST FOR BBNS YUGOSLAV NATJ0NAIS. THEY LEFT THBR HOMELAND N THE 19006 WHEN THEY WERE AT THEIR PRJME AND INVESTED ALL THBR ENERGIES IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEWLY FOUND HOME, IF ONLY TO FIND THEMSELVES DENIED OF THEIR RIGHTS GUARANTEED BY BILATERAL AGREEMENTS EVEN IN CASE THEY ARE BROKEN.

SECURITY COUNCIL SANCTIONS IMPOSED IN THE FIELD OP TRANSPORT AMD COMMUNICATIONS
THE MANNER IN WHICH THE SANCTIONS AGAINST THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA WERE IMPLEMENTED IN THE FIELD OF TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS BY FAR EXCEEDS THE FRAMEWORK ESTABLISHED UNDER THE RELEVANT SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTIONS, THUS THREATENING THE FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS GUARANTEED BY THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTER AND OTHER UN DOCUMENTS, INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ADOPTED UNDER "HE ** OF THE UNITED NATIONS MULTlLATERAL AND BILATERAL AGREEMENTS CONCLUDED BETWEEN YUGOSLAVlA AND UN MEMBER STATES IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL LAW. THE LATEST TIGHTENING OF SANCTIONS (SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 820 OF 17 APRIL 1993), ESPECIALLY PROHIBITING THE USE OF FREIGHT VEHICLES, ROLLING STOCK. SHIPS AND AIRCRAFT OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA IN THIRD COUNTRIES AND THE COACH TRANSPORT, HAS AFFECTED THIS FIELD WHOSE 90-PER CENT SHARE IN THE GNP DROPPED TO BELOW 6 PER CENT.
1. ALL EC MEMBER COUNTRIES HAVE BANNED. BY SPECIAL ORDERS, ENTRY INTO THEIR TERRITORY OF BUSSES BEARING YUGOSLAV REGISTRATION PLATES AND OF THOSE WITH FOREIGN REGISTRATION CARRYING YUGOSLAV PASSENGERS. THIS HAS BEEN BASED ON THE EC ORDER PROHIBITING FINANCIAL TRANSACTIONS WITH YUG09LAV ENTERPRISES, WHICH EXCEEDS THE RESTRICTIONS IMPOSED BY THE SC RESOLUTIONS, WHICH PROHIBIT ONLY IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF CERTAIN KINDS OF GOODS AND DO NOT PERTAIN TO TRANSPORTATION OF GOODS AND PASSENGERS.
AS A RESULT OF THESE MEASURES, THE YUGOSLAV CITIZENS WORKING ABROAD ON A PERMANENT OR TEMPORARY
BASIS HAVE BEEN PUT INTO A DIFFICULT POSITION, SINCE A LARGE NUMBER OF THEM IS COMING TO YUGOSLAVIA TO VISIT THEIR RELATIVES, ESPECIALLY FOR THE NEW YEAR AND EASTER HOLIDAYS, BY BUSSES WHOSE FARES ARE MORE ECONOMICAL.
2. REFERRING TO THE SECURITY COUNCIL EMBARGO AND TO THE OPINION OF THE INTERNATIONAL POOL OF INSURANCE ASSOCIATIONS ON THE ALLEGEDLY INCREASED RISK OF TRANSPORT DESTINATED TO, OR DEPARTING FROM YUGOSLAVIA BECAUSE OF THE OPEN OR CONCEALED HOSTILITIES IN THE TERRITORY OF THE FORMER SFRY, THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR ROAD TRANSPORTIN| GENEVA REQUESTED THE UN MEMBER COUNTRIES TO BAN ENTRY INTO THEIR RESPECTIVE TERRITORIES OF VEHICLES BEARING YUGOSLAV REGISTRATION.
THERE EXIST NO GROUNDS FOR THE ABOVE PROHIBITION BECAUSE THERE HAVE NOT BEEN, AND THERE ARE NO WAR OPERATIONS IN THE TERRITORY OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAOVIA, NEITHER ARE THE TRUCKS PASSING THROUGH YUGOSLAVIA SUBJECT TO ANY OTHER INCREASED RISK. THEIR TRANSIT THROUGH YUGOSLAVIA IS SAFE AND FREE OF ANY PARTICULAR PROBLEMS MOREOVER. THE SC RESOLUTIONS DO NOT PROVIDE FOR THE BAN OF ENTRY OF TRUCKS, BEARING YUGOSLAV REGISTRATION, IN THE TERRITORY OF OTHER STATES FOR THE SHIPMENT OF DRUGS, MEDICAL EQUIPMENT, FOOD AND PERSONAL EFFECTS OF YUGOSLAV CITIZENS TRANSFERRED FROM FOREIGN COUNTRIES TO YUGOSLAVIA AND VICE-VERSA.
3. REFERRING TO THE DECISION BY THE SWISS GOVERNMENT, THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR ROAD TRANSPORT IN GENEVA PROHIBITED THE ISSUANCE OF TIA CARNETS TO THE YUGOSLAV CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND CEASED THEIR DISTRIBUTION TO YUGOSLAV SHIPPING AGENTS. THIS PROHIBITION IS IN CONTRAVENTION OF THE TIR CONVENTION ADOPTED BY THE UN ECE IN1975. ARTICLE 7 OF THIS CONVENTION DOES NOT ALLOW INTRODUCTION OF SUCH BANS. IT ALSO REQUESTED UN MEMBER STATES TO BAR ALL VEHICLES WITH YUGOSLAV REGISTRATION FROM ENTERING THEIR TERRITORIES.
4. SOME WEST EUROPEAN COUNTRIES, FR OF GERMANY IN PARTCULAR, HAVE UNDERTAKEN ADDITIONAL MEASURES TO RESTRICT THE TRANSPORT OF PASSENGERS TO YUGOSLAVIA IN A MANNER WHICH HAS NOT BEEN ENVISAGED BY THE SC RESOLUTION.
THE GERMAN AUTHORITIES FIRST PROHIBITED THE SALE OF TICKETS IN THEIR TERRITORY TO PASSENGERS DESIGNATED FOR YUGOSLAVIA, AND SUBSEQUENTLY ALSO ENTRY WTO AND TRANSIT THROUGH THEIR TERRITORY OF PASSENGER WAGONS OF THE YUGOSLAV RAILWAYS THESE
PROHIBITIONS ARE IN CONTRAVENTION OF THE CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL RAILWAY TRANSPORT AND ANNEXES THERETO.
5. DRIVERS AND PASSENGERS OF VEHICLES WITH YUGOSLAV REGISTRATION PLATES ARE HELD FOR MANY HOURS, EVEN WEEKS, TREATED AND HUMILIATED IN ALL SORTS OF WAYS AT BORDER CROSSINGS WITH HUNGARY, AUSTRIA AND SOME OTHER COUNTRIES. ALTHOUGH THEY POSSESS APPROPRIATE DOCUMENTS TO THE EFFECT THAT THEY ARE SHIPPING MEDICINE AND HUMANITARIAN AID, ALLOWED 3Y THE SC RESOLUTIONS, POLICE AND CUSTOMS AUTHORITIES OF THE NEIGHBOURING COUNTRIES ARE
HOLDING VEHICLES WITH YUGOSLAV REGISTRATION PLATES AT BORDER CROSSINGS FOR SEVEN OR MORE DAYS. THOUGH THERE ARE NO GROUNDS FOR THIS IN THE SC RESOLUTIONS. SEVERAL ELOERLY PEOPLE AND CHILDREN FROM YUGOSLAVIA DIED WHILE THEY WERE WAITING IN THEIR CARS OR BUSES FOR HOURS IN THE 1992 SUMMER HEAT TO PASS THE OTHERWISE ROUTINE AND SHORT CUSTOMS PROCEDURE AT THE YUGOSLAV-HUNGARIAN BORDER CROSSING AT HORGOS.
BECAUSE OF THIS DISCRIMINATORY TREATMENT AT BORDER CROSSINGS, PASSENGER TRAFFIC CANNOT BE CARRIED OUT ACCORDING TO SCHEDULE, WHILE DRIVERS TIRE OUT AND HAVE TO WORK LONGER THAN PROVIDED BY THE EUROPEAN AGREEMENT CONCERNING THE WORK OF CREWS OF VEHICLES ENGAGED IN INTERNATIONAL ROAD TRANSPORT (AETR) WITH DIRECT CONSEQUENCES FOR TRAFFIC SAFETY, DUE TC RESTRICTED ENTRY TO VEHICLES WITH YUGOSLAV REGISTRATION PLATES TO SOME COUNTRIES AND SPECIAL TREATMENT ACCORDED THESE VEHICLES,

PASSENGERS ARE HUMILIATED INTO BOARDING, AND THEIR LANGUAGE 19 RELOADED ON TO. FOREIGN BUSES WHICH RAISES THE OVERALL TRAVEL EXPENSES WHICH ARE CHARGED TO PASSENGERS.
6 DUE TO THE OIL. AND OIL PRODUCTS EMBARGO THE NUMBER OF VEHICLES USED PER DAY HAS BEEN SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED. CITY TRANSPORT COUNTRY-WIDE HAS BEEN MOST SERIOUSLY AFFECTED BUSES ARE OVERCROWDED WHICH INCONVENIENCES IN PARTICULAR
ELDERLY PEOPLE, MOTHERS WITH SMALL CHILDREN. PREGNANT WOMEN. THE BLIND AND DISABLED. POOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT AFFECTS ALSO OVER 700 000 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS.
7. THE EMBARGO HAS PUT AN END TO REGULAR AIR TRAFFIC BETWEEN THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA AND OTHER COUNTRIES: 40 PLANES OF YUGOSLAV AIR COMPANIES HAVE BEEN GROUNDED, WHILE PASSENGERS ARE COMPELLED TO USE MORE COMPLICATED AND LONGER WAYS TO TRAVEL THE CONSEQUENCES ARE FELT NOT ONLY IN YUGOSLAVIA IN 1991, 646 000 PASSENGERS ARRIVED TO, AND 692 000 PASSENGERS LEFT, YUGOSLAVIA ON BOARD YUGOSLAV AND FOREIGN AIRUNES FROM BELGRADE AND OTHER YUGOSLAV AIRPORTS. IN A PARTICULARLY DIFFICULT SITUATTON ARE SERIOUSLY SICK PEOPLE WHOSE ONLY HOPE IS A TRIP ABROAD FOR COMPLICATED OPERATIONS FINANCED BY AND LARGE FROM VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS OF CITIZENS THE NEAREST INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (BUDAPEST OR SOFIA) IS A 6-TO 10-HOUR CAR RIDE AWAY, REACHABLE ONLY AFTER LONG WAITS AT BORDER CROSSINGS, OFTEN IN WINTER COLD OR SUMMER HEAT.
INTERNATIONAL PASSENGER TRAFFIC IS A PROFIT-MAKING BUSINESS BOTH FOR PUBLIC AND PRIVATE COMPANIES. HOWEVER, UN SANCTIONS IMPOSED AGAINST THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA HAVE AFFECTED AND WILL CONTINUE TO AFFECT PRIMARILY THE MAN IN THE STREET, HIS TRAVEL PLANS, EITHER FOR BUSINESS. PLEASURE OR MEDICAL TREATMENT, FOR INSTANCE MAKE TRAVEL TO, AND CONTACT AMONG, PEOPLE DIFFICULT, EVEN DENY THEM TODAY WHEN THEY ARE RIGHTLY CONSIDERED CIVILIZATIONAL BENEFITS AVAILABLE TO ALL IS ANACHRONISTIC AND INHUMAN.

SPORTS AND SANCTIONS
SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION 757 OF 30 MAY 1992, AMONG OTHER THINGS, CALLS ON ALL MEMBER-STATES TO TAKE NECESSARY STEPS TO PREVENT INDIVIDUALS OR GROUPS REPRESENTING THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA FROM PARTICIPATING IN ATHLETIC EVENTS ALL OVER THE WORLD.
SINCE THE ADOPTION OF THIS RESOLUTION, YUGOSLAV ATHLETES HAVE BEEN ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE ONLY IN INDIVIDUAL EVENTS AT THE OLYMPIC GAMES IN BARCELONA, IN THE DISABLED PARAOLYMPICS ALSO IN BARCELONA AND IN SOME BALKAN, EUROPEAN AND WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS, AS WELL AS IN SOME INDIVIDUAL INTERNATIONAL COMPETITIONS IN TRACK AND FIELD, ROWING, GYMNASTICS, KARATE, TABLE TENNIS, TENNIS, MARKSMANSHIP, FENCING AND CHESS.
DUE TO THESE UNFAIR AND ONE-SIDED SANCTIONS, THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA HAS BEEN TAKEN AWAY THE ORGANIZATION OF THE 1994 WORLD BASKETBALL CHAMPIONSHIP AND THE WORLD STUDENT JUDO CHAMPIONSHIP.
SIMILARLY, AS A RESULT OF THESE SANCTIONS, THE YUGOSLAV NATIONAL FOOTBALL TEAM HAS BEEN DISQUALIFIED FROM THE 1994 WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP COMPETITION IN AN EXTREMELY DRAMATIC AND UNDIGNIFIED MANNER AND RETURNED FROM SWEDEN IN JUNE 1992. OUR NATIONAL HANDBALL AND VOLLEYBALL TEAMS (MEN AND WOMEN) WERE NOT ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIPS. YUGOSLAV ATHLETES HAVE BEEN BARRED FROM ALL EUROPEAN AND WORLD TEAM COMPETITIONS.
SINCE, IN TEAM SPORTS, THE PARTICIPATION AND SUCCESS IN EUROPEAN CHAMPIONSHIPS ARE A PREREQUISITE FOR PARTICIPATION IN WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS AND SINCE THEY REPRESENT QUALIFICATIONS FOR THE 1996 OLYMPICS, IT IS ALMOST CERTAIN THAT OUR ATHLETES WILL NOT BE ALLOWED TO PARTICIPATE IN THE 1998 OLYMPICS BECAUSE OF THE BAN ON COMPETING IN TEAM SPORTS EVENTS.
THE INABILITY OF YUGOSLAV ATHLETES TO PARTICIPATE IN THE SAID COMPETITIONS WILL CERTAINLY RESULT IN A FALL IN THE LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE, BOTH ATHLETIC AND COACHING, AS A CONSEQUENCE OF A L0SS OF MOTIVATION AND INTEREST IN SPORTS IN GENERAL.
THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA HAS REPEATEDLY CALLED ON MANY RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL ATHLETIC FORA, AS WELL AS ON THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL SANCTIONS COMMITTEE TO RECONSIDER AND POSSIBLY LIFT THE BAN ON THE PARTICIPATION OF YUGOSLAV ATHLETES IN INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION BUT, REGRETTABLY, ALL THESE CALLS WENT UNHEEDED. IN CONDITIONS OF SANCTIONS, ALL THE PROPOSALS OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA TO DATE HAVE BEEN BASED ON THE NEE TO ENSURE THE SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF SPORTS IN YUGOSLAVIA AND ON THE ENDEAVOUR TO MAINTAIN THE ESSENTIAL CONTACTS WITH THE WORLD.
YUGOSLAV ATHLETES HAVE DONE EXCEPTIONALLY WELL IN A NUMBER OF SPORTS, ESPECIALLY IN TEAM SPORTS (BASKETBALL, HANDBALL, WATERPOLO, FOOTBALL AND VOLLEYBALL) AND, QUITE RIGHTLY, RANK AMONG THE BEST IN THE WORLD. THE QUALITY AND RHYTHM THAT YUGOSLAV ATHLETES CONTRIBUTED TO INTERNATIONAL SPORTS EVENTS HAVE BEEN QUITE REMARKABLE AND THEIR ABSENCE FROM THESE EVENTS IS VERY NOTICEABLE INDEED. THIS IS TESTIFIED BY NUMEROUS STATEMENTS OF INTERNATIONAL OFFICIALS AND ATHLETES THEMSELVES UNFORTUNATELY, THESE STATEMENTS HAVE FAILED TO MOVE THOSE WHO MAKE DECISIONS AS THEY REMAIN UNIMPRESSED. SO, IN THE FIELD IN WHICH POLITICS HAS THE LEAST RIGHT TO BE INVOLVED AND IN WHICH ALL HURDLES ARE SUPPOSED TO BE SURMOUNTED THE EASIEST WAV, GRAVE INJUSTICE HAS BEEN MADE TO ONE OF THE MOST PRESTIGIOUS MEMBERS OF THE WORLD SPORTS FAMILY • THE YUGOSLAV ATHLETIC MOVEMENT AND ITS ATHLETES.
SUCH AN ATITTUDE RUNS AGAINST THE GRAIN OF THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS ADOPTED BY THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY, WHERE IT IS SAID IN UNAMBIGUOUS TERMS THAT NO NATION WILL BE DISCRIMINATED AGAINST ON THE BASIS OF THE POLITICAL, LEGAL OR INTERNATINAL STATUS OF ITS COUNTRY OR TERRITORY. NO MATTER WHETHER IT IS INDEPENDENT, UNDER TRUSTEESHIP, NON-SELF-GOVERNING OR WHETHER ITS SOVEREIGNTY IS LIMITED IN ANY OTHER WAY. AT THE SAME TIME, SUCH AN ATITTUDE OF THE UNITED NATIONS AND OF SOME INDIVIDUAL COUNTRIES IN PARTICULAR. IS IN CONTRAVENTION OF THE CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION WHICH GRANTS EQUAL PROTECTION TO EVERYONE, ESPECIALLY AGAINST ANY DISCRIMINATION OR INSTIGATION TO SUCH DISCRIMINATION.
THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA THEREFORE CALLS ONCE AGAIN ON THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY, ATHLETIC FEDERATIONS AND WORLD ATHLETES IN PARTICULAR, TO PRESS THEIR COUNTRIES AND THEIR RESPECTIVE ATHLETIC FEDERATIONS TO SEE THAT THESE UNFAIR AND INHUMAN SANCTIONS IMPOSED AGAINST YUGOSLAV ATHLETES BY THE UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL ARE LIFTED SOON.

THE GOVERNMENT OP THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA
AIDE MEMOIRE ON THE REFUGEE PROBLEM IN THE FR OP YUGOSLAVIA
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA TAKES THI3 OPPORTUNITY TO ADVISE OF A VERY DIFFICULT SITUATION IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA, PARTICULARLY IN THE SOCIAL FIELD, DUE TO A URGE NUMBER OF REFUGEES WHO HAVE FOUND SHELTER IN YUGOSLAVIA AND WHOSE NUMBER IS INCREASING EVERY DAY SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE YUGOSLAV CRISIS WHICH CULMINATED IN ARMED CONFLICTS, FIRST IN CROATIA AND THEN N BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA, OVER HALF A MILLION OF REFUGEES ARRIVED IN THE TERRITORY OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA. WITH ALL THE ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND OTHER CONSEQUENCES OF SUCH A PROCESS.
THROUGH AN ORGANIZED SOCIETY-WIDE ACTION ALL NECESSARY MEASURES HAVE BEEN TAKEN IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA IN THE PAST PERIOD TO ALLEVIATE AND RESOLVE THESE PROBLEMS. HOWEVER, THESE PROBLEMS ARE BECOMING EVER MORE DIFFICULT TO RESOLVE NOT ONLY BECAUSE OF A LARGE AND INCREASING NUMBER OF REFUGEES BUT ALSO BECAUSE OF THE LIMTTATIONS FACED BY YUGOSLAVIA AND ITS POPULATION IN THEIR CAPABILITIES TO PROVIDE HUMANITARIAN AID IN A VERY DIFFICULT ECONOMIC SITUATION AS A CONSEQUENCE OF, AMONG OTHER THINGS. THE UNFAIR SANCTIONS IMPOSED ON THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA WHEN THESE SANCTIONS WERE ESTABUSHED NOBODY QUESTIONED THE HUMANENESS Of IMPOSING SEVERE ECONOMIC AND OTHER SANCTIONS ON A COUNTRY AND A PEOPLE TAKING UPON THEMSELVES THE HUMANE OBLIGATION TO PROVIDE SHELTER TO SUCH A LARGE NUMBER OF REFUGEES. BESIDES, POLITICAL FACTORS DO PLAY AN ENORMOUS ROLE ALSO IN THE HUMANITARIAN FIELD. SO THAT INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE EXTENDED TO REFUGEES IN THE TERRITORY OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVS ESPECIALLY BILATERAL ASSISTANCE, IS INCOMPARABLY SMALLER THAN THE ASSISTANCE ARRIVING IN OTHER PARTS OF THE FORMER SFR OF YUGOSLAVIA AND IS DETERMINED IN GREAT MEASURE 8Y POLITICAL INTERESTS, AS IF THE REFUGEES IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA WERE NOT THE VICTIMS OF THE ONE AND THE SAME CONFLICT.
THIS UNEQUAL POSITION OF MORE THAN HALF A MILLION REFUGEES - SERBS, CROATS. MUSLIMS AND MEMBERS OF OTHER PEOPLES - IS CERTAINLY UNFAVOURABLY AFFECTED BY THE MEDIA DISCRJMNATION AGAINST SERBS AND THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA SYSTEMATICALLY PURSUED IN MANY COUNTRIES ALL OVER THE WORLD. DURING THE ARMED CONFLICT IN CROATIA, FOR INSTANCE, THE WORLD PUBLIC WAS NOT INFORMED AT ALL THAT OVER 250 000 SERBS HAD BEEN FORCED TO LEAVE THEIR ANCESTRAL HOMES TO SEEK REFUGE IN SERBIA. THE EXODUS OF THE SERB PEOPLE IN WESTERN SLAVONIA WAS NEVER CHARACTERIZED AS "ETHNIC CLEANSING" AND THE FACT THAT THE NUMBER OF SERBS IN ZAGREB AND OTHER CROATIAN TOWNS HAS BEEN REDUCED UNDER PRESSURE BY MORE THAN A HALF HAS NEVER BEEN ASSESSED AS A VIOLATION OF THEIR FUNDAMENTAL HUMAN RIGHTS.
EVEN MORE DISCRIMINATED ARE THE SERBS WHO WERE FORCED TO FLEE THE HORRORS OF THE WAR N BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA. THE WORLD PUBLIC IS OVERWHELMED WITH THE NEWS OF THE TRAGIC FATE OF MUSLIM AND CROAT REFUGEES, WHILE ONLY A FEW WORLD AGENCIES HAVE REPORTED ON HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF SERBS WHO FLED THE DEVASTATION AND OTHER WAR HORRORS AND CAME TO SERBIA, MONTENEGRO AND PARTS OF KRAJINA.
WE, THEREFORE, EXPECT FROM INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS, CONSISTENT TO THE PRINCIPLES OF NEUTRALITY, IMPARTIALITY AND THE NON-POLITICAL CHARACTER OF THEIR ACTIVITY, TO CONTRIBUTE TO AN OBJECTIVE PRESENTATION OF THE HUMANITARIAN PROBLEMS THAT YUGOSLAVIA IS DRAMATICALLY FACED WITH
1. AT THIS MOMENT THERE ARE ABOUT 655 000 REFUGEES IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA, 385 000 IN THE TERRITORY OF THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA AND 70 000 IN THE REPUBLIC OF MONTENEGRO. THIS NUMBER IS AUGMENTED BY 150 000 TO 200 000 OF OTHER REFUGEES IN SERBIA AND 10 000 IN MONTENEGRO WHO ARE NOT REGISTERED WITH THE COMPETENT AUTHORITIES. THIS NUMBER IS NOT FINAL SINCE UP TO 1000 NEW REFUGEES ARRIVE IN SERBIA EVERY DAY.
AS TO NATIONALITY STRUCTURE, THE MOST NUMEROUS REFUGEES IN SERBIA ARE SERBS (84.2 PER CENT), MUSLIMS (6.2 PER CENT) AND CROATS (1 6 PER CENT). THE REMAINING 8 PER CENT ACCOUNTS FOR ALBANIAN, JEWISH BULGARIAN, ROMANY AND HUNGARIAN REFUGEES. THERE IS AN EQUAL NUMBER OF MUSLIM, SERB AND MONTENEGRIN REFUGEES IN MONTENEGRO.
ALL REFUGEES IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA ARE PROVIDED A COLLECTIVE PROTECTION OF PERSONAL AND OTHER RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS, AS WELL AS INTERNATIONAL LEGAL PROTECTION, IN THE WAY PROVIDED FOR THE CITIZENS OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA.
THE REFUGEES UNABLE TO FIND BOARD AND ACCOMMODATION WITH RELATIVES. FRIENDS OR WITH OTHER CITIZENS ARE PROVIDED BOARD AND ACCOMMODATION IN COLLECTIVE FACILITIES WITHIN THE LIMITS OF THE CAPACITIES OF THE COUNTRY. THE REFUGEES ACCOMMODATED WTHIN FAMILIES APE GRANTED MONTHLY ASSISTANCE IN FOOD, ITEMS OF PERSONAL HYGIENE, CLOTHES AND FOOTWEAR, THE TOKEN FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE WHICH REFUGEES ARE OTHERWISE ENTITLED TO IS NOT PAID SINCE IT IS NOT POSSIBLE TO PROVIDE FINANCIAL RESOURCES FOR THAT PURPOSE
THE FINANCIAL ALLOCATIONS OF THE YUGOSLAV FEDERAL AND REPUBLICAN ORGANS TO MEET THE NEEDS OF A LARGE NUMBER OF REFUGEES, AS WELL AS THE ASSISTANCE OF THE OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES, HAVE PROVED INSUFFICIENT.
THE SITUATION AND STATUS OF THE REFUGEES IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA IS FURTHER AGGRAVATED BY THE UNITED NATIONS SANCTIONS. THESE SANCTIONS HAVE BEEN DRAINING THE YUG06LAV ECONOMY FOR 9 MONTHS NOW, SO THAT A LARGE NUMBER OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES ARE AT THE VERGE OF EXISTENCE. IN COMPARISON "O

1991 THE SOCIAL PRODUCT HAS PLUMMETED DRASTICALLY, WHICH AGGRAVATES THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC POSITION OF THE POPULATION, ESPECIALLY THE MOST VULNERABLE GROUPS. OUT OF 2 300 000 PEOPLE EMPLOYED IN THE ECONOMY OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA IN NORMAL. CONDITIONS, 800 000 OR ONE THIRD OF THE OVERALL NUMBER HAVE BEEN LA 0 OFF. WITH WAGES AND SALARIES REDUCED TO 70 PER CENT OF THE NORMAL PAY.
THE VERY PRECISE DATA CONTAINED IN THE LATEST 'UNITED NATIONS REVISED INTERAGENCY APPEAL FOR THE FORVER YUGOSLAVIA, APRIL TO DECEMBER 1993', ARE FURTHER EVIDENCE OF THE DIFFICULT REFUGEE SITUATION IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA.
THIS SITUATION STRETCHES THE FP OF YUGOSLAVIA BEYOND THE POINT OF ENDURANCE WITH REGARD "TO PROVIDING HOUSING FOR THE REFUGEES AND HANDLING THEIR PROBLEMS. ON THE OTHER HAND. THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY HAS SHIFTED THE BR JNT OF THE BURDEN OF CARING FOR REFUGEES ONTO THE SHOULDERS OF THE CITIZENS OF YUGOSLAVIA. UNTIL TWO MONTHS AGO. ONLY 10-15 PER CENT OF THE OVERALL REFUGEE NEEDS WAS PROVIDED BY INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS. THIS PERCENTAGE HAS RECENTLY INCREASED TO ABOUT 30 PER CENT DUE PRIMARILY TO THE ADDITIONAL EFFORTS OF THE UNHCR, HUMANITARIAN BUREAU OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY, INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF RED CROSS AND RED CRESCENT SOCIET1ES (IFRC). INTERNATIONAL COMMITEE OF THE RED CROSS (ICRC). BELGIAN BRANCH OF 'MEDECINS SANS FRONTIERES' AND SOME OTHERS.
BILATERAL ASSISTANCE WHICH OTHERWISE IS THE MAIN 80URCE OF F1NANCNQ REFUGEES IN CROATIA, BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA AND SLOVENIA, IS ALMOST NON-EXISTENT IN YUGOSLAVIA
2. THE GOVERNMENT OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF YUGOSLAVIA WISHES TO POINT IN PARTICULAR TO THE VERY
DIFFICULT SITUATION OF REFUGEE CHILDREN AND WOMEN REFUGEES. THERE ARE ABOUT 250 000 REFUGEE CHILDREN
IN YUGOSLAVIA, 1 200 OF THEM WITHOUT BOTH PARENTS. THE SITUATION OF CHILDREN, AS A POPULATION CATEGORY
IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA. PARTICULARLY REFUGEE CHILDREN, HAS WORSENED AS A CONSEQUENCE OF ECONOMIC
SANCTIONS. N WARRING ENVIRONMENT, THE SOCIAL CLIMATE IN WHICH CHILDREN ARE BEING RAISED IS SUCH AS TO
PROVIDE FERTILE GROUND FOR MANY DISEASES, INCLUDING MENTAL ILLNESSES AND TRAUMAS THE SITUATION OF
CHILDREN IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA AND, BY THE SAME TOKEN, THE POSITION OF REFUGEE CHILDREN, IS SERIOUSLY
AFFECTED ALSO BY THE ENDANGERED RIGHTS TO THE HIGHEST LEVEL OF HEALTH AND MEDICAL CARE. TO QUALITY
FOOD. SOCIAL PROTECTION ETC THERE IS A LACK OF FOOD, MEDICINE AND SPARE PARTS FOR MEDICAL EQUIPMENT,
HEATING OIL FOR SCHOOLS AND HOSPITTAL SO THAT CHILD MORTALITY IS RISING.
IN ADDITION TO REFUGEE CHILDREN, WOMEN REFUGEES, PARTICULARLY WOMEN WITH CHILDREN, ARE ALSO FACING A DIFFICULT SITUATION THAT THE NUMBER OF WOMEN REFUGEES IS LARGE IS EVIDENCED BY THE FACT THAT AS MUCH AS 83 PER CENT OF ALL ADULT REFUGEES IN SERBIA ARE WOMEN. THIS POPULATION GROUP IS ADDITIONALLY ENDANGERED BECAUSE OF THEIR ALL-TREATMENT AND RAPE IN WAR ZONES.
3. THE YUGOSLAV GOVERNMENT WISHES TO USE THIS OPPORTUNITY IN PARTICULAR TO DRAW ATTENTION TO THE
SPECIFIC SITUATION FACED BY REFUGEES IN IT. THEY ARE AN EXAMPLE OF MASS EXILE UNKNOWN THUS FAR EITHER
TO THE OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES AND INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN
ORGANIZATIONS OR TO YUGOSLAV AUTHORITIES CONSIDERING THE FACT THAT 96.9 PER CENT OF ALL REFUGEES HAVE
EITHER PRIVATE OP PUBLIC ACCOMMODATION. THE EXCEPTIONALLY DIFFICULT LIVELIHOOD OF MANY FAMILIES
COMPELS REFUGEES. AN ESTIMATED 250 000 TO 300 000, TO LOOK FOR THEIR HOUSING THEMSELVES. IT IS QUITE
CERTAIN THAT MANY OF THEM WILL TRY TO FIND A S0LUTION BY EMIGRATING TO OTHER. PRIMARILY WESTERN,
COUNTRIES. ONE OF THE SOLUTIONS IS THE PROVISION OF SHELTERS FOR FAMILY ACCOMMODATION OF REFUGEES.
IN CLOSE COOPERATION WITH THE UNHCR AN ADAPTATION AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT FOR REFUGEE
ACCOMMODATION HAS BEEN INTIATED. HOWEVER THE OVERALL PROJECT PROVIDES FOR THE ACCOMMODATION OF
ONLY 8 000 PEOPLE. DUE TO THE EXCEPTIONALLY DIFFICULT ECONOMIC SITUATION BROUGHT ABOUT BY ECONOMIC
SANCTIONS, YUGOSLAVIA IS UNABLE TO FINANCE THIS PROJECT ALONE IF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY FAILS TO
PROVIDE ASSISTANCE, A LARGE NUMBER OF REFUGEES WILL BE FORCED TO LOOK FOR THEIR OWN SOLUTIONS, MOST
PROBABLY BY IMMIGRATING TO OTHER COUNTRIES.
THE SPECIFIC NATURE OF THE REFUGEE POPULATION IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA WILL REQUIRE THAT THE YUGOSLAV AUTHORITIES, IN IDENTIFYING THEIR OVERALL NEEDS, ASK FOB ASSISTANCE FROM INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS WITH A YEW TO ENSURING LONG-TERM SOLUTIONS TO THEIR PROBLEMS.
THE YUGOSLAV GOVERNMENT WISHES ALSO TO POINT TO THE EXISTENCE OF A LARGE NUMBER OF THE CITIZENS OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA ESTIMATED AT ABOUT 400 000, LIVING AS REFUGEES IN MANY COUNTRIES OF EUROPE. THEIR STAY IN THESE COUNTRIES WILL NECESSITATE THE SOLUTION OF A LARGE NUMBER OF HUMANITARIAN PROBLEMS. IN ORDER TO ENSURE THIER RETURN TO YUGOSLAVIA, IT WILL BE NECESSARY TO SEEK SOLUTIONS THROUGH BILATERAL AND MULTILATERAL COOPERATION AND THROUGH CONCERTED ACTION.
4. THE YUGOSLAV GOVERNMENT IS AWARE THAT THE REFUGEE PROBLEMS WILL BE PRESENT IN THIS REGION LONG AFTER THE CESSATION OF THE ARMED CONFLICTS. BEARING IN MIND THE RELEVANT RESOLUTIONS OF THE UNITED NATIONS GENERAL ASSEMBLY. THE CONCLUSIONS OF THE LONDON STAGE OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA AND THE DECISIONS TAKEN N VARIOUS INTERNATIONAL MEETINGS DEVOTED TO THE VICTIMS OF THE CONFLICT, THE GOVERNMENT OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA CALLS ON THE OFFICE OF THE UNITED NATIONS HIGH COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS, IN ADDITION TOTHE EMERGENCY RELIEF ASSISTANCE ALREADY PROVIDED AND DRAWMG UPON THEIR LONG-STANDING INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE IN THE FIELD, TO ASSIST THE COMPETENT YUGOSLAV AUTHORITIES IN FINDING A LASTING SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEMS OF REFUGEES AND OTHER PERSONS AFFECTED BY WAR AND MILIARY OPERATIONS ACCORDINGLY, THE YUGOSLAV GOVERNMENT INTERPRETS THE DEFINITION OF THE TERM ¦REFUGEE', EMBODIED IN NUMEROUS UNITED NATIONS DOCUMENTS IN THE BROADEST POSSIBLE SENSE.
FOR THE PURPOSE OF F1NDWG A LONG-TERM SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF REFUGEES, THE YUGOSLAV GOVERNMENT CALLS ON THE UNHCR AND, AS APPROPRIATE. OTHER INTERNATIONAL NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS, DRAWING UPON THE EXPERIENCES AND RESOURCES OF ALL RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES TO ENGAGE IN

A) PROVIDING ASSISTANCE FOR THE REINTEGRATION OF REFUGEES REMAINING IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA, WHICH WOULD INCLUDE ASSISTANCE IN THE REALIZATION OF DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS AND OTHER LONG-TERM FORMS OF MATERIAL ASSISTANCE AND IN DEVISING VARIOUS WAYS OF CONTINUED ACTIVITY IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA. THIS SHOULD INCLUDE ASSISTANCE AIMED AT CONTINUING THE REFUGEE SETTLEMENTS ADAPTATION AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT, ASSISTANCE IN MEETING THE ESSENTIAL NEEDS IN THE EDUCATION. HEALTH AND SOCAL PROTEC7ICN Of REFUGEES:
B) PROVIDING ASSISTANCE TO FACILITATE RETURN TO THEIR HOMES FOP THOSE REFUGEES WHO SO WISH AFTER THE CESSATION OF MILITARY OPERATIONS. HERE WE PARTICULARLY HAVE IN MIND THE ASSISTANCE IN ESTABLSHING NORMAL FLOWS OF LIFE WITHIN THE SO-CALLED 'EMERGENCY DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. IN THIS CONTEXT, THE YUGOSLAV GOVERNMENT URGES THE UNHCR TO TAKE PART IN THE WORK OF THE EXISTING AND FUTURE INTERGOVERNMENTAL COMMITEES FOR THE RETURN OF REFUGEES WHICH WILL DEAL WITH THESE PROBLEMS BETWEEN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA. CROATIA, BOSNlA-HERZEGOVINA AND MACEDONIA.
C) WE ALSO EXPECT THE UNHCR TO TAKE. WITHIN THE OVERALL TREATMENT OF REFUGEES IN YUGOSLAVIA, APPROPRIATE ACTION IN ORDER TO ENSURE THAT THE REFUGEES WHO FULFIL THE NECESSARY CONDITION BE GRANTED THE REFUGEE STATUS UNDER THE 1961 CONVENTION ON THE STATUS OF REFUGEES AND THE 1967 PROTOCOL ON THE STATUS OF REFUGEES.
THE YUGOSLAV GOVERNMENT TAKES THIS OPPORTUNITY TO BRING THE ATTENTION OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS TO THE FACT THAT THE SECURITY COUNCIL COMMITTEE ESTABLISHED PURSUANT TO RESOLUTION 724 (1991) CONCERNING YUGOSLAVIA DECIDED TO APPROVE IMPORT OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS INTO THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA FOR HUMANITARIAN PURPOSES IF A RECOGNIZED INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATION UNDERTOOK TO SPONSOR IT. SINCE NO ASSOCIATION HAS SO FAR INDICATED ITS INTENTION TO DO SO, WE APPEAL TO NUMEROUS INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS PRESENT IN THIS REGION TO HELP THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA ALLEVIATE THE DIFFICULT HUMANITARIAN PROBLEMS ALSO THROUGH THESE IMPORTS.
THE YUGOSLAV GOVERNMENT IS AWARE THAT A FINAL AND DURABLE SOLUTION OF THE REFUGEE PROBLEM AS WELL. AS MANY OTHER RELATED PROBLEMS, CAN BE FOUND ONLY IN THE CONDITIONS OF PEACE. RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE RIGHT TO DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT. THEREFORE, THE YUGOSLAV GOVERNMENT, IN ADDITION TO THE APPEAL TO THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY TO RENDER URGENT AND LONG-TERM ASSISTANCE IN SOLVING DIFFICULT HUMANITARIAN REFUGEE PROBLEMS IN TERRITORY OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA MENTIONED IN THIS AIDE MEMOIRE, CALLS ALSO ON THIS OCCASION ON ALL INTERNATIONAL FACTORS TO INVEST FURTHER EFFORTS IN ORDER TO OBJECTIVELY ASSESS THE ENTIRE PROBLEM IN THE TERRITORY OF THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA AND ARRIVE AT ITS JUST SOLUTION BY PEACEFUL MEANS. ONLY THIS WOULD BRING PEACE AND PROSPERITY TO ALL PEOPLE IN THIS REGION.

THE LATEST DATA ON THE NUMBER AND STRUCTURE
Of REFUGEES FROM THE FORMER SFRV IN THE
FR OF YUGOSLAVIA AND THEIR SOCIAL STATUS
1. ACCORDING TO THE DATA OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR REFUGEES OF SERBA AND MONTENEGRO, ON 10 MAY1993 THERE WERE 666,089 REFUGEES FROM BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA, CROATIA, SLOVENIA AND MACEDONIA IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA (392,629 OF THEM, OR 598 PER CENT, FROM BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA, ACCOUNTING FOR 8.2 PER CENT OF THE OVERALL POPULATION OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVA ESTIMATED AT ABOUT 10.5 MlLLION. OUT OF THIS NUMBER, 580,000 IS ACCOMMODATED IN SERBIA (OR 6 PER CENT OF THE OVERALL POPULATION IN SERBIA OF 8,875 857) AND 66,069 IN MONTENEGRO (OR 10.6 PER CENT OF THE OVERALL POPULATION OF MONTENEGRO OF 624,043). 323,000 (56.4 ^ER CENT) ARE PERSONS WHO FLED FROM BOSMA-HERZEQOVINA TO SERBIA, AND 59,629 (90.2 PER CENT) TO MONTENEGRO.
2. MOST OF THE PEOPLE WHO FOUND REFUGE IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA HAVE BEEN ACCOMMODATED IN FAMILIES (96 PER CENT). WHILE ONLY A SMALL FRACTION OF REFUGEES ARE ACCOMMODATED COLLECTIVELY (4 PER CENT), THUS, FROM THE TOTAL NUMBER OF REFUGEES ACCOMMODATED IN SERBIA, 98.9 PER CENT HAVE BEEN ACCOMMODATED WITH FAMILIES AND 3.1 PER CENT ARE IN COLLECTIVE RECEPTION CENTRES, WHILE »N MONTENEGRO 98,1 PER CENT REFUGEES ARE ACCOMMODATED WITH FAMILIES AND 4.9 PER CENT ARE IN COLLECTIVE RECEPTION CENTRES.
3. AS REGARDS THE NATIONAL COMPOSITION OF THE REFUGEES. 84.2 PER CENT OF THE REFUGEES
ACCOMMODATED IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA ARE OF SERBIAN NATIONALITY (497,000); 6.3 PER CENT ARE OF MUSLIM
NATIONALITY (37,000);
1.5 PER CENT ARE CROATS (9,000) AND 8 PER CENT ARE OF OTHER NATIONALITIES (HUNGARIAN, ALBANIAN, ETC.), THAT IS 47 000. IN MONTENEGRO, REFUGE HAS SEEN FOUND BY 38.9 PER CENT REFUGEES OF SERBIAN NATIONALITY (25.744), 30.8 PER CENT OF MONTENEGRINS (20,000) AND 30.8 PER CENT OF MUSLIMS (20,346).IN THIS CONNECTION IT IS IMPORTANT TO UNDERLINE THAT ALL THESE PERSONS ARE TREATED EQUALLY IRRESPECTIVE OF THEIR NATIONAL ORIGIN.
4. FROM THE ENTIRE REFUGEE POPULATION ACCOMMODATED IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAYIA, 301,573 ARE WOMEN ABOVE THE AGE OF 18 (46 PER CENT). WHILE MEN ABOVE THE AGE OF 18 ACCOUNT FOR 66.329 (10.1 PER CENT). 281.000 (47.6 PER CENT) WOMEN REFUGEES OF LEGAL AGE HAVE FOUND REFUGE IN SERBIA AND 20,673 (31.4 PER CENT) IN MONTENEGRO, WHILE THE MEN Of LEGAL AGE ACCOUNT FOR 58,000 (9.8 PER CENT) IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA AND 8.329 (12.6 PER CENT) IN THE REPUBLIC OF MONTENEGRO.
5. OUT OF THE OVERALL REFUGEES POPULATION ACCOMMODATED IN THE FR Of YUGOSLAVIA, THERE ARE 288,197 CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE Of 18, I.E. 49.9 PER CENT (19,524 UNDER THE AGE OF 1; 94,926 BETWEEN THE AGE OF 1 AND 7 AND 173,837 BETWEEN AGE 7 AND 18}. IN THE TERRITORY OF SERBIA, THERE ARE 251,000 CHILDREN UNDER THE AGE OF 18, I.E. 42.5 PER CENT (17,000 UNDER THE AGE OF 1; 85,000 BETWEEN 1 AND 7 AND 149,000 BETWEEN 7 AND 18) AND IN THE TERRITORY OF MONTENEGRO 37,187 CHILDREN IN THIS AGE GROUP. I.E. 56.3 PER CENT (2.524 UNDER THE AGE OF 1; 9826 BETWEEN THI AGE OF1 AND 7, AND 24837 BETWEEN THE AGE OF 7 AND 18).
6. A8 REGARDS THE VULNERABLE CATEGORIES OF REFUGEES, SERBIA HAS ACCOMMODATED 1,20O CHILDREN WITHOUT PARENTAL CARE, 10,000 BABIES TORN IN EXILE50,000 ELDERLY AND INFIRM PERSONS, 250 PATIENTS ON DIALYSIS AND 6,000 DIABETIC PATENTS (DATA FOR MONTENEGRO ARE UNAVAILABLE)
7. THE DATA ON THE OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE OF REFUGEES ARE UNAVAILABLE. ACCORDING TO SOME INFORMATION, THE STRUCTURE OF REFUGEES FROM THE WAR-AFFECTED AREAS OF THE FORMER 8FRY WHO HAVE FOUND REFUGE I THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA IS THE FOLLOWING; 0.43 PER CENT FARMERS, 3.3 PER CENT MINERS AND WORKERS IN INDUSTRY, 1 .6 PER CENT SALESMEN, 1,3 PER CENT ADMINISTRATIVE WORKERS, 0.06 PER CENT MANAGERS, 3.4 PER CENT PROFESSIONALS AND ARTISTS, 0.2 PER CENT PEOPLE Of OTHER OCCUPATIONS, 2.7 PER CENT PENSIONERS AND DISABLED PERSONS. 3.9 PER CENT HOUSEWIVES, 27.5 PER CENT PUPILS AND STUDENTS, 0.2 PER CENT DEPENDENTS AND 35.2 PER CENT PERSONS UNKNOWN UNRECORDED OCCUPATION.
FOR MONTENEGRO, THE DATA ON THE STRUCTURE OF REFUGEES ARE UNAVAILABLE. IT IS RELIABLY KNOWN HOWEVER THAT AMONG REFUGEES THERE ARE DOCTORS, JURISTS, PROFESSORS, TEACHERS, ECONOMISTS, ENGINEERS. ARCHITECTS, POLITICOLGISTS, PSYCHOLOGISTS, NURSES, WORKERS, FARMERS, ETC.
8. WE DO NOT POSSESS DETAILED INFORMATION ON THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL STATUS OF THESE
PERSONS BEFORE THEY FOUND REFUGE IN THE FR Of YUGOSLAVIA. FLEEING THE HORRORS OF WAR AND OTHER
DANGERS AND INSECURITY. HOWEVER IT IS RELIABLY KNOWN THAT ON THE WHOLE, THE REFUGEES FROM CROATIA
WERE BETTER-OFF THAN THE REFUGEES FROM BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA.
IN CONNECTION WITH THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL STATUS OF PERSONS WHO FOUND REFUGE IN THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA. IT SHOULD BE POINTED OUT THAT THESE PERSONS HAVE FLED THEIR HOMES, .MOST FREQUENTLY WITHOUT ANY "RESOURCES, AND ARE THEREFORE TREATED IN THE SAMS WAY AS PERSONS IN NEED OF SOCIAL ASSISTANCE (PERSONS WITHOUT ANY MEANS AND POSSIBILITIES OF SUPPORTING THEMSELVES, AND THEREFORE IN NEED OF ADEQUATE FORMS OF SOCIAL ASSISTANCE AN0 SUPPORT). FOR THIS REASON, THESE PERSONS, THE FAMILIES IN WHICH THEY ARE ACCOMMODATED AND THE INSTITUTIONS IN WHICH THEY ARE ACCOMMODATED COLLECTIVELY, AS WELL AS HEALTH INSTITUTIONS ARE PROVIDED, IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE POSSIBILITIES OF THE SOCIETY, APPROPRIATE ORGANIZED ASSISTANCE IN MONEY OR KIND (FOOD, CLOTHES, FOOTWEAR, MEDSCINE, MEDICAL MATERIAL, ETC.). IT IS PARTICULARLY IMPORTANT THAT ALL THE REFUGEES ARE ACCORDED EQUAL TREATMENT, REGARDLESS OF THEIR NATIONAL ORIGIN. BUT DEPEND! NO ON THE NUMBER Of REFUGEE HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS AND THEIR NATURAL STRUCTURE (CHILDREN. ELDERLY AND THE SICK. ETC.) AND THAT THEY ARE ALL PROVIDED FULL HEALTH CARE.
IT SHOULD BE ADDED THAT A SMALL. NUMBER OF REFUGEES IN THE TERRITORY OF THE FR OF YUGOSLAVIA HAS FOUND USUALLY A TEMPORARY EMPLOYMENT IN THE SOCIAL OR PRIVATE SECTOR AND THAT DURING THAT TIME; THEY ARE NOT ENTITLED TO THE ABOVE REFUGEE BENEFITS. PROVIDED THEIR INCOMES ARE SUFFICIENT TO COVER THEIR OWN AND THEIR FAMILY'S MINIMUM NEEDS.