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sion on Human Rights with relevant information concerning the forms of the crime of apartheid, as described in article II of the Convention, committed by transnational corporations operating in South Africa;
11. Notes the importance of measures to be taken by States parties in the field of teaching and education for fuller implementation of the Convention;
12. Appeals to all States, United Nations organs, the specialized agencies and international and national nongovernmental organizations to step up their activities in enhancing public awareness by denouncing the crimes committed by the racist regime of South Africa;
13. Requests the Secretary-General to intensify his efforts, through appropriate channels, to disseminate information on the Convention and its implementation with a view to promoting further ratification of or accession to the Convention;
14. Requests the Secretary-General to include in his next annual report under General Assembly resolution 3380 (XXX) of 10 November 1975 a special section concerning the implementation of the Convention.
75th plenary meeting 8 December 1988
43/98. Implementation of the World Programme of Action concerning Disabled Persons and United Nations Decade of Disabled Persons
The General Assembly,
Recalling all its relevant resolutions, including resolution 37/52 of 3 December 1982, by which it adopted the World Programme of Action concerning Disabled Persons,31 and resolution 37/53 of 3 December 1982, in which it, inter alia, proclaimed the period 1983-1992 the United Nations Decade of Disabled Persons,
Recalling its resolution 42/58 of 30 November 1987 and reaffirming all of its relevant provisions,
Noting with appreciation that an interregional meeting of representatives of national committees on disability issues will be held early in 1989 to exchange views and information on enhancing the capabilities of such committees,
Taking note of Economic and Social Council resolution 1988/45 of 27 May 1988, in which the Council, inter alia, reiterated the need to launch a special global awareness and fund-raising campaign to give added momentum to the Decade, and in this regard, welcomed the appointment by the Secretary-General of the Special Representative for the Promotion of the United Nations Decade of Disabled Persons,
Noting the important work currently being undertaken by the Sub-Commission on Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities on human rights and disability, which could serve as a useful basis for the continued efforts to ensure for disabled persons the enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms,
Bearing in mind that the mid-decade review to evaluate the implementation of the World Programme of Action was conducted so that a list of priorities could be established for planning global activities and programmes during the remainder of the Decade and beyond,32

Taking into account the concrete measures already carried out by the Governments of Member States, the bodies and organizations of the United Nations system and nongovernmental organizations to implement the objectives of the World Programme of Action within the framework of the Decade, and recognizing that much more should be done to improve the living conditions of disabled persons,
Mindful that Member States bear the ultimate responsibility for the implementation of the World Programme of Action,
Recognizing the pivotal role of the United Nations in promoting the exchange of information, experience and expertise and closer regional and interregional cooperation towards more effective strategies and policies to advance the status and welfare of disabled persons,
Stressing that the Centre for Social Development and Humanitarian Affairs of the Secretariat is the focal point within the United Nations for the implementation and monitoring of the World Programme of Action,
Noting with appreciation the steps taken by the United Nations system and by the non-governmental organizations concerned to monitor the implementation of the World Programme of Action,
Concerned that, at the mid-point of the Decade, the resource base of the Voluntary Fund for the United Nations Decade of Disabled Persons is significantly reduced from that prevailing during the first half of the Decade, and that unless this trend is reversed and the resource capacities of the Voluntary Fund are strengthened, many priority requests will not be met and the implementation of the World Programme of Action will be seriously affected,
Mindful that, since developing countries are experiencing difficulties in mobilizing resources, international cooperation should be encouraged to assist in national efforts to implement the World Programme of Action and to achieve the objectives of the Decade,
Having considered the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of the World Programme of Action concerning Disabled Persons and the United Nations Decade of Disabled Persons,33
1. Reaffirms the validity of the World Programme of Action concerning Disabled Persons;
2. Stresses that, for the second half of the United Nations Decade of Disabled Persons, special emphasis should be placed on the equalization of opportunities for disabled persons;
3. Urges Member States, intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations concerned to translate into action at all levels, as appropriate, the priorities for global activities and programmes during the second half of the Decade, such as those set forth in the annex to the present resolution;
4. Renews its invitation to all States to give high priority to projects concerning the prevention of disabilities, rehabilitation and the equalization of opportunities for disabled persons within the framework of bilateral assistance, as well as financial support to strengthen organizations of disabled persons;
5. Invites Governments to participate actively in the international co-operation with a view to improving the living conditions of disabled persons by encouraging professional experts, in particular disabled persons, in various aspects of rehabilitation and the equalization of

31 A/37/35l/Add.1 and Add. 1/Corr.l, annex, sect. VIII. recommend
diction 1 (IV).
32 See CSDHA/DDP/GME/7 of 1 September 1987.

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opportunity, including those who are in retirement and willing to work with disabled persons;
6. Requests the Secretary-General to encourage all organs and bodies of the United Nations system, including regional commissions, international organizations and the specialized agencies, to take into account in their programmes and operational activities the specific needs of disabled persons;
7. Requests the Secretary-General to take, inter alia, the following measures at the United Nations level:
(a) To disseminate widely the text of the World Programme of Action and all manuals and special publications prepared by the United Nations for the International Year of Disabled Persons, in 1981, and the Decade;
(6) To examine possible ways in which United Nations meetings, information materials and documents can be made more accessible to disabled persons and to determine the financial implications thereof;
(c) To assist Member States in establishing and strengthening national committees on disability issues and similar co-ordinating bodies;
((d) To promote and support the establishment of strong national organizations of disabled persons;
8. Requests the Secretary-General to conduct a feasibility study on the substantive, financial and administrative implications of alternative ways to mark the end of the Decade in 1992, which would include a review of the global progress achieved and obstacles encountered during the Decade and which would provide a mechanism for preparing the actions needed until the year 2000 and beyond, and to submit the study to the General Assembly at its forty-fifth session;
9. Requests the Secretary-General to strengthen the regional commissions to enable them to promote technical co-operation activities and the sharing of national resources for personnel training, the exchange of information, policy and programme development and research and the participation of disabled persons;

10. Endorses the measures proposed by the Secretary-General in his report33 to strengthen the programmes and activities of the agencies and bodies of the United Nations system and to improve the co-ordination of inter-agency efforts on behalf of disabled persons;
11. Invites the Secretary-General and Member States to involve disabled persons to a greater extent in United Nations programmes and activities, inter alia, through the provision of employment opportunities;
12. Requests the Secretary-General to consider establishing, within existing resources, alternative structures to ensure that the issue of disability is accorded high visibility and to develop the Disabled Persons Unit of the Centre for Social Development and Humanitarian Affairs as a specialized facilitating agent engaging the available resources of the United Nations system and relevant networks outside the United Nations;
13. Invites the Centre to expand its close collaboration with intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations active in the field of disability, in particular organizations of disabled persons, and to consult with them on a regular and systematic basis on matters relating to the implementation of the World Programme of Action;
14. Calls upon Member States, national committees, the United Nations system and non-governmental organizations to assist in a global information and fund-raising campaign to publicize the Decade through all appropriate means;

15. Recognizes the important role of nongovernmental organizations, especially those representing disabled persons, in the effective implementation of the World Programme of Action, in raising international awareness of the concerns of disabled persons and in monitoring and evaluating progress achieved during the Decade;
16. Requests the Secretary-General to inform the Commission for Social Development at its thirty-first session of the progress of work of the Special Representative for the Promotion of the Decade of Disabled Persons;
17. Requests the Secretary-General to continue to administer donated funds, using them for projects under the present structure of the Voluntary Fund for the United Nations Decade of Disabled Persons, and to continue to make new provisions in order to offer a selection of projects to donor countries that may be willing to finance a particular programme under the "Special Purpose Contributions";
18. Reaffirms that the resources of the Voluntary Fund should be used to support catalytic and innovative activities in order to implement further the objectives of the World Programme of Action within the framework of the Decade, with priority given, as appropriate, to programmes and projects of the least developed countries;
19. Invites Governments and non-governmental organizations to continue their contributions to the Voluntary Fund and calls upon Governments and non-governmental organizations that have not yet done so to consider contributing to the Voluntary Fund so as to enable it to respond effectively to the growing demand for assistance;
20. Requests the Secretary-General to report to the General Assembly at its forty-fourth session on the implementation of the present resolution;
21. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its forty-fourth session the item entitled "Implementation of the World Programme of Action concerning Disabled Persons and United Nations Decade of Disabled Persons".
75th plenary meeting 8 December 1988
ANNEX
Priorities for global activities and programmes during the second half of the United Nations Decade of Disabled Persons
1. Member States, which have the main responsibility for the implementation of the World Programme of Action concerning Disabled Persons, are urged:
(a) To develop and implement national plans of action, using a multispectral, interdisciplinary approach in consultation with organizations of disabled persons;
(b) To promote the development and functioning of organizations of disabled persons by providing technical and financial support;
(c) To establish and/or strengthen national committees or similar co-ordinating bodies;
(d) To launch a public information and education campaign in which disabled persons are portrayed as equal members of society;
(e) To support cultural activities to promote awareness of the United Nations Decade of Disabled Persons by giving disabled persons the opportunity to participate in musical, artistic and drama activities;
(f) To review, update and, where necessary, improve national legislation to ensure general conformity with international standards;
(g) To consider incorporating in their legislation and planning the rights of the disabled, including those of persons who are:
(i) Hearing-impaired, including the right to have sign language
interpretation;

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(ii) Visually impaired, including access to Braille material, audio
aids and large print information; (iii) Mentally impaired, including access to easy reading materials; (iv) Speech-impaired, including access to new technologies; (ft) To formulate and implement disability-related projects for inclusion in technical co-operation programmes financed by the United Nations Development Programme through the country programmes funded by the indicative planning figures;
(!) To review and extend services and benefits available to disabled persons and their families, aimed at ensuring basic level income maintenance and promoting self-directed personal assistance, housing, transport and other facilities needed for independent living;
(j) To train personnel, including disabled persons, to build a national capability to deal with disability;
(k) To establish machinery for appropriate data collection on disabilities, to be used in national planning;
([) To use indigenous raw materials, scientific expertise and production facilities for the manufacture and local repair of appropriate techni-cal aids and appliances needed by disabled persons;
(m) To accede to and implement the provisions of the Protocol34 to the Agreement on the Importation of Educational, Scientific and Cul-tural Materials,35 adopted at Nairobi on 26 November 1976 by the General Conference of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cul-tural Organization at its nineteenth session, concerning the duty-free international movement of equipment and material needed to assist the daily living of disabled persons;
(n]) To ratify, if they have not yet done so, the Convention concerning Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled Persons) adopted in 1983 by the International Labour Conference;36
(o) To support research into the special needs of disabled persons and into programmes to benefit them and their families;
(p) To develop services and facilities to promote the rehabilitation and equalization of opportunities of disabled women, elderly disabled persons, mentally ill and other mentally impaired persons, multiple disabled persons, disabled refugees and disabled migrants.
2. Intergovernmental organizations are urged to give priority to issues concerning disabled persons and to take initiatives to implement the World Programme of Action.
3. Non-governmental organizations, which play an important role in the implementation of the World Programme of Action, are urged during the remainder of the Decade:
(a) To establish regular and systematic contacts with the United Nations system and other non-governmental organizations in collecting and disseminating information and research findings, planning activities and sharing innovative experiences and in maximizing the use of available resources;
(6) To mobilize their networks and resources to publicize the aims and objectives of the United Nations Decade of Disabled Persons;
(c) To provide regular information on their activities and meetings to the Disabled Persons Unit of the Centre for Social Development and Humanitarian Affairs of the Secretariat and actively to support its activities.
43/99. Crime prevention and criminal justice
The General Assembly,
Recalling the responsibility assumed by the United Nations in the field of crime prevention and criminal justice under Economic and Social Council resolution 155 C (VII) of 13 August 1948 and General Assembly resolution 415 (V) of 1 December 1950,

Recalling also its resolution 42/59 of 30 November 1987 on crime prevention and criminal justice, in which Member States and the Secretary-General were urged, inter alia, to make every effort to translate into action, as appropriate, the respective recommendations, policies and conclusions stemming from the Milan Plan of Action and the relevant resolutions and recommendations adopted unanimously by the Seventh United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders37 and to accord priority attention to the forms of crime identified in the Milan Plan of Action by strengthening international co-operation in this field,
Recalling further that in the same resolution the General Assembly endorsed the recommendations related to preparations for the Eighth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, to be held in 1990, contained in Economic and Social Council resolution 1987/49 of 28 May 1987, and requested the Secretary-General to take immediate steps to ensure successful and cost-effective preparations for the Eighth Congress,
Mindful that 1988 marks the fortieth anniversary of the establishment of the United Nations programme of work in crime prevention and criminal justice and that the scope and extent of present-day criminality exceeds what could have been foreseen by Member States when they vested the United Nations with a leading role in this field,
Bearing in mind the objectives of the United Nations in the field of crime prevention and criminal justice, specifically the reduction of criminality, the promotion of more efficient and effective administration of justice, the strengthening of international co-operation and the fight against transnational crime, the observance of human rights and the promotion of the highest standards of fairness, humanity and professional conduct,
Aware that the spread of crime in the contemporary world and its ever-changing patterns and dynamics require a prompt and effective response appropriate to the particular cultural, political, economic and social circumstances and that modern technological advances facilitate crime prevention and control but also make possible the transnational expansion of organized criminality,
Recognizing that issues related to crime have intensified in complexity and gravity and that economic and financial crises in many developing countries have severely affected the functioning of crime prevention and the criminal justice system,
Reaffirming the crucial functions of the Committee on Crime Prevention and Control in developing practical crime prevention and criminal justice policies and strategies as a standing expert body of the Economic and Social Council and as the preparatory body for the quinquennial United Nations congresses on the prevention of crime and the treatment of offenders,
Noting with concern that the severe constraints on the human and financial resources available to the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Branch of the Centre for Social Development and Humanitarian Affairs of the Secretariat may jeopardize the success of the Eighth Congress and of the programme as a whole,
1. Takes note with appreciation of the report of the Secretary-General on the implementation of its resolution

34 See United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1259, No. 20669.
35 The Agreement was adopted at Florence by the General Conference
of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
at its fifth session and signed in New York on 22 November 1950. See
United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 131, No. 1734.
36 International Labour Office, Official Bulletin, vol. LXVI, 1983,
Series A, No. 2, convention No. 159.
37 See Seventh United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Milan, 26 August-6 September 1985: report prepared by the Secretariat (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.86.IV.1).