UN Human Rights Treaties

an unduly heavy burden on the developing countries and thereby jeopardize the prospects of their further growth;
(c) To take measures in conformity with the recommendations and the Final Act of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development36 so as to enable the developing countries to increase their export earnings in order to meet the necessarily increased importance of their import needs for development;
(d) To take appropriate measures to stabilize the prices of primary products at an equitable and remunerative level;
(e) To augment the resources for developmental activities within the United Nations family and particu-
36E/CONF.46/141, Vol. 1, United Nations publication, Sales No:64.II.B.ll.

larly to contribute as a matter of urgency their utmost to the United Nations programmes of technical cooperation and to attain the target for the World Food Programme for the years 1966-1968;
2. Requests the Secretary-General and the executive heads of the specialized agencies and the International Atomic Energy Agency to review their work programmes and to explore the possibility of formulating future programmes of action and, if possible, to make projections over the next five years with a view to identifying areas in which their organizations can make their maximum contribution both individually and by concerted action to the goals of the United Nations Development Decade, and to report thereon to the forty-first session of the Council.
1396th plenary meeting, 31 July 1965.

SOCIAL QUESTIONS

1086 (XXXIX). Social progress
A
REPORT OF THE COMMISSION The Economic and Social Council
1. Takes note of the report of the Social Commission (sixteenth session);37
2. Decides to adopt the programme of work and priorities contained therein with the understanding that it will be re-examined in the light of the results of the discussions concerning the reappraisal and reorientation of the activities of the United Nations in the social field;
3. Requests the Secretary-General to take all necessary steps for the preparation of the necessary documentation for the reappraisal, taking into account the replies of Governments to the questionnaire envisaged and the discussions and proposals made at the sixteenth session of the Social Commission.38
1395th plenary meeting, 30 July 1965.
B
ORGANIZATIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE UNITED NATIONS SOCIAL DEFENCE PROGRAMME 39
The Economic and Social Council,
Recalling its resolution 731 F (XXVIII) of 30 July 1959 as well as its preliminary review in 1964 of the administrative arrangements brought into effect as a consequence of this resolution,
37 Official Records of the Economic and Social Council, Thirty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 12 (E/4061). 38 Ibid., Chapter IV. 39 Ibid., Chapter III.

Having considered the Secretary-General's statements on this question including the report of the consultant,40 as well as the comments of the Social Commission thereon,
Welcoming the Secretary-General's proposals for strengthening the Organization's capacity to meet the demands for international action appropriate to the role which the United Nations is expected to play in the field of social defence,
1. Endorses the principle that the prevention and control of juvenile delinquency and adult criminality should be undertaken as part of comprehensive economic and social development plans;
2. Expresses its satisfaction that, in keeping with Council resolution 731 F (XXVIII), technical assistance in the social defence field has been strengthened during recent years, and that it is expected that this will be continued particularly through regional training and research projects and the use of regional advisers;
3. Agrees that the expertise of the Advisory Committee of Experts on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders should be made available on a continuing basis, that it should report as appropriate to the Social Commission, and that its membership should be increased from seven to ten;
4. Requests the Secretary-General to proceed to the establishment of a funds-in-trust account to be administered by the United Nations for the purpose of strengthening the capacity of the Organization to carry on its responsibilities in the social defence field and invites Member States to contribute to this account.
1395th plenary meeting, 30 July 1965.
40E/CN.5/383 and E/CN.5/383/Add.I.

c
CONCERTED PRACTICAL ACTION IN THE SOCIAL FIELD:
RESEARCH-TRAINING PROGRAMME ON REGIONAL
DEVELOPMENT 41
The Economic and Social Council,
Recalling its resolutions 975 B (XXXVI) of 1 August 1963 on the 1963 Report on the World Social Situation,® and 830 B (XXXII) of 2 August 1961 on urbanization,
Having considered the Secretary-General's reports on methods of determining social allocations,43 on concerted practical action in the social field: review of Council resolution 496 (XVI) dated 31 July 1953 in accordance with General Assembly resolution 1916 (XVIII) dated 5 December 1963,44 on administrative aspects of social planning,45 and on social targets for social development,48
Noting the common aspiration of developing countries to modernize their economies through industrialization and agricultural improvement programmes as a basis for raising standards of living of their populations, and recognizing that regional development and an appropriate distribution of population within the country are essential factors in achieving such modernization and social development,
Noting with concern that, as a by-product of population growth and economic development, many social and economie problems of both developing and industrialized countries arise from the vast migration to the cities, often far beyond the capacity of the cities, particularly the capital cities, to absorb the total labour force in productive employment,
Noting further that various countries, often assisted by the United Nations, are experimenting with a variety of programmes and projects to cope with the problems caused by excessive migration to already overcrowded cities,
Convinced that the effectiveness of measures to deal with these problems can be greatly enhanced by study in depth of the practical experience in existing regional development projects within countries, and the training of manpower in the new methods and techniques resulting from such research,
Considering that there is an urgent need for a carefully organized and co-ordinated research and training effort by the United Nations to promote modernization in the cities and the countryside and to minimize the undesirable effects of over-centralization of population and of industries through the development of improved patterns of human settlement and programmes of planned social and economie adjustment,
1. Invites Member States:
(a) To collaborate with the Secretary-General in
41 Official Records of the Economie and Social Council, Thirty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 12 (E/4061), Chapter IV.
42 United Nations publication, Sales No.: 63.1V.4.
43 E/CN.5/387.
44 E/CN.5/388.
45 E/CN.5/393.
46 E/CN.5/394.

making available their own experience in regional development projects which may be suitable for international study and training purposes,
(b) To consider the contributions, both technical and financial, which they might make to the implementation of such a programme;
2. Requests the Secretary-General:
(a) To prepare a draft programme of research and training in connexion with regional development projects presently under way in selected Member States as a means of developing suggestions as to methods and techniques that could assist countries in promoting development and achieving optimum patterns of rural and urban human settlement and production activities, and to submit the draft programme to the regional economie commissions, the Committee for Industrial Development, the Com-mittee on Housing, Building and Planning, the specialized agencies and other appropriate bodies of the United Nations to obtain their views and comments;
(b) To make arrangements as necessary, to provide for the United Nations Secretariat the necessary resources, including consultant services as appropriate, within the limits of the United Nations regular budget or from outside sources, to enable it to prepare the research training programme;
(c) To select, after consultation with potential host Governments, a reasonable number, possibly six to twelve, of regional development projects already under way in various parts of the world, reflecting different stages of development, best suited for the planned research and training activities, giving particular attention to the availability of a university, research institute or similar institution as a resource for the programme related to each selected project;
(d) To explore the possibility of obtaining financial support for the implementation of such a programme from the Special Fund and other resources of the United Nations and specialized agencies and from outside sources, including host Governments in which the selected regional development projects are located;
3. Requests further that the Secretary-General report
to the Social Commission at its seventeenth session and
to the Council at its forty-first session, his concrete
proposals for the programme, together with such views
and comments as he has obtained as specified in operative
paragraph 2 (a).
1395th plenary meeting, 30 July 1965.
D
DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME IN THE NATION 47
The Economie and Social Council,
Re-emphasizing the importance of the relationship between distribution of income in the nation and socio-economic development,
47 Official Records of the Economie and Social Council, Thirty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 12 (E/4061), Chapter IV.

Taking note of the existing practical problems in this regard, including the fact that social measures in their present form may not always promote a more equitable distribution of income in the nation as stated in the Secretary General's reports on methods of determining social allocations 48 and on targets of social development,49
Taking note of the desirability of more just and equitable distribution of income in the nation,
Noting also the proposals of the Statistical Commission to enquire into the statistical aspects of distribution of income as stated in the report to the Council of the Statistical Commission, on its thirteenth session,50
Requests the Secretary-General:
(a) To convene a small group of experts to review the relationship between distribution of income in the nation and social policy, including questions of definition and measurement of distribution of income in the nation in the context of social policy;
(b) To formulate, on the basis of the recommendations of this expert group, a programme of work and study for the United Nations on the subject of the relationship between social policy and distribution of income in the nation, with a view to developing guidelines for the formulation of social policy measures in such a way that they would best promote a more just and equitable distribution of income in the nation;
(c) To report to the Social Commission at its eighteenth session on the progress made in this work.
1395th plenary meeting, 30 July 1965.
E
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 51 The Economic and Social Council,
Recalling that by its resolution 1916 (XVIII) of 5 December 1963, the General Assembly, inter alia, recommended that the Council should review its resolution 496 (XVI) of 31 July 1953, entitled " Programme of concerted practical action in the social field of the United Nations and the specialized agencies ", in the light of the 1963 Report on the World Social Situation,52 and of the objectives of the United Nations Development Decade,
Considering that the 1963 Report on the World Social Situation stresses that the gap between the developed countries and the developing countries in the economie and social field is widening,
Considering that the United Nations should play a primary role in the economie and social development of the developing countries during the United Nations
48 E/CN.5/387, Chapter IV.
49 E/CN.5/394, para. 37.
50 Official Records of the Economie and Social Council, Thirty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 13 (E/4045), para. 15.
51 lbid., Supplement No. 12 (E/4061), Chapter IV.
52 United Nations publication, Sales No.: 63.IV.4.

Development Decade, through a renewed effort on the part of the United Nations organs responsible for considering social questions, and through improved and jncreased assistance to be given to countries requesting it,
Considering that, since the establishment of the Social Commission, the composition of the United Nations has changed profoundly and the social needs of Member States have altered very substantially,
Considering, therefore, that the Social Commission should be in a position to re-examine the role which it should play, within the framework of United Nations programmes, in order to take practical and immediate action to meet the urgent social needs of Member States,
1. Invites the Social Commission to re-examine, at its next session, the role which it should play within the framework of United Nations programmes in order to meet the needs of Member States;
2. Invites the Secretary-General to submit to the Commission a report based on the replies of Governments to a questionnaire which he should address to them for the purpose of determining the needs of Member States in the social field and, if possible, the priority to be given to those needs, and the possibilities of increasing the technical co-operation resources which Member States could offer;
3. Invites the Social Commission to submit to the Council at its forty-first session, its proposals regarding the action to be taken to give effect to this resolution.
1395th plenary meeting, 30 July 1965.
F
PROPOSED CONFERENCE OF MINISTERS RESPONSIBLE FOR SOCIAL WELFARE 53
The Economie and Social Council,
Having considered the report of the Secretary-General on reappraisal of the United Nations social service programme and the addendum to this report 54nd the com-ments of the Social Commission and the ad hoc Working Group on Social Welfare thereon,55
Recognizing that achievement of the goals of the United Nations Development Decade requires increased empha-sis on the planning and development of social welfare programmes,
Recognizing further the importance of the exchange of views and wide consensus among senior social welfare officials of Member States as a basis for the formulation of a more dynamic United Nations policy in social welfare, including comprehensive guidelines for Governments in the development or extension of social welfare services in relation to major stages of economie and social development,
53 Official Records of the Economie and Social Council, Thirty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 12 (E/4061), Chapter VI.
54 E/CN.5/AC.12/L.3 and E/CN.5/AC.12/L.3/Add.1.
56 E/CN.5/395

1. Endorses the merit of convening a conference of Ministers and their senior advisers responsible for social welfare which might be held in 1968 or later on social welfare programmes in national development, in order to examine national and regional variations in the approach to social welfare and identify common elements in social welfare functions and services, to clarify the role of social welfare in economic and social development, and to focus attention on ways of maximizing the contribution of social welfare programmes to human development and to raising the levels of living;
2. Requests the Secretary-General to consult Govern-ments of States Members of the United Nations or members of the specialized agencies regarding the appropriateness of such a conference;
3. Requests the Secretary-General to consult these States and the specialized agencies concerned regarding the subjects to be placed on the agenda of such a conference;
4. Further requests the Secretary-General to report to the Social Commission at its seventeenth session and to the Council at its forty-first session on the results of these consultations and steps contemplated thereon.
1395th plenary meeting, 30 July 1965.
G
FAMILY, CHILD AND YOUTH WELFARE SERVICES 56
The Economic and Social Council,
Having considered the report of the Secretary-General on family, child and youth welfare services,57 and the comments of the Social Commission and of its ad hoc Working Group on Social Welfare thereon,58
Recalling the request contained in Council resolution 903 D (XXXIV) of 2 August 1962 for the preparation of a report " containing suggestions for the use of Govern-ments interested in the establishment and extension of family, child and youth welfare services, training of per-sonnel, and methods of financing these services ",
Recognizing that social welfare services for families, children and youth constitute a vital component of broader measures for raising levels of living and the development of human resources and that United Nations activities in this field should be further developed within the context of the overall United Nations programme for improving economie and social conditions all over the world,
Recognizing that raising the Standard of living of families, children and youth cannot be achieved without producing a sufficient quantity of material wealth as well as its fair distribution,
Recognizing also that the plans for the expansion of social services for families, children and youth should be
56 Official Records of the Economie and Social Council, Thirty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 12 (E/4061), Chapter VI. 57 E/CN.5/AC.12/L.4 and Corr.1, 2 and 3.
58 E/CN.5/395.
1

made as a part of planning for overall economie and social development and that the planning organs and other competent authorities should be responsible for con-tinuously evaluating the fulfilment of such plans,
Noting that the carrying out of radical democratie reforms aimed at solving such problems as the abolition of illiteracy, unemployment, the creation of national cadres, the achievement of full sovereignty over national resources, is the chief condition for an effective implemen-tation of family, child and youth social welfare programmes,
1. Recommends that the report on family, child and youth welfare services59 including the guidelines which are set forth in the note by the Secretary-General 60 and annexed to this resolution, be given the widest possible circulation as a valuable aid to Governments, specialized agencies, and non-governmental organizations;
2. Recommends Governments to devote more and more national resources and efforts to:

(a) Reducing and eliminating illiteracy among children and youth;
(b) Providing young people with equal material opportunities for obtaining education which fully corresponds to their demonstrated abilities and reasonable aspirations;
(c) Eliminating child neglect and homelessness among children as rapidly as possible;
3. Requests the Secretary-General:
(a) To undertake the preparation of monographs on the development and operation of welfare services for families, children and youth in selected countries at different stages of development, in order to provide more specific information as a basis for national social welfare planning, including appropriate priorities and allocation of resources;
(b) To undertake studies of:
(i) The effects on family life of rapid population growth, urbanization and labour mobility and of the social welfare measures required to assist families in these circumstances;
(ii) The effective use of volunteers, especially in social welfare programmes concerned with youth development;
(iii) The social welfare needs and problems of youth, and suitable welfare programmes to meet these needs;
4. Further requests the Secretary-General to give high
priority to co-operation with the United Nations Chil-
dren's Fund and the interested specialized agencies in
the further expansion of assistance to family and child
welfare programmes in developing countries in line with
the objectives of the United Nations Development Decade
with respect to the younger generation, and to this end,
to provide as far as possible the essential supporting
technical services including increased staff resources and
technical assistance as requested by Governments for
project planning, implementation and evaluation.
1395th plenary meeting,
30 July 1965.
59 See footnote 57.
60 E/CN.5/396.
2

ANNEX
GUIDELINES FOR GOVERNMENTS IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OR EXTENSION OF SOCIAL WELFARE SERVICES FOR FAMILIES, CHILDREN AND YOUTH
1. National development inevitably means change. From the standpoint of families, children and youth, two major kinds of change are involved. Firstly, the effect of national development is to change the economic, social and physical environment, possibly to open up new horizons and opportunities, certainly to pose new challenges for the family if not to impose additional burdens on it. Secondly, development almost invariably involves adjustments within the family itself, in the roles and responsibilities of family members and in relationships among the generations.
2. There is, at the same time, growing recognition that the rate and direction of development is determined, in part, by the motiva-tions and capacities of people and by the quality of the nation's human resources. The family plays a significant role in this regard not only by its resourcefulness in helping to meet the needs of the individual for food, shelter and clothing, for affection and for a sense of belonging, but also by providing a setting in which the younger generation may absorb and adapt to changing circumstances the traditions and values of the particular society.
3. In order to raise family levels of living and improve conditions of family life, as well as to enable the family to surmount the personal stresses and strains accompanying change and to contribute within its capacity to national as well as individual development, the following basic considerations and requirements should be recog-nized and taken into account in national planning:

(a) Raising family levels of living is dependent, in the first instance, on the production of material goods. The economic and social well-being of the family also requires a rational and equitable distribution of the nation's available resources.
(b) Improvements in material levels of living and the quality of family life require a broad range of social programmes and services. Progress in the social field depends not only on the availability of appropriate social welfare services, but on educational programmes designed to eliminate illiteracy and raise the general standards of education, and basic health measures to reduce the incidence of illness and disability and to improve the general health level of individuals and families. Adequate housing and programmes to organize employment and eliminate unemployment are also essential.
(c) In order to ensure the well-being of the family, the planning of social programmes, including social welfare services, should there-fore be integrated, and social planning should also be integrated with economie planning.
(d) In the planning of social welfare services for families, children and youth, the assumption should be avoided that there is in any given circumstance an ideal family pattern. The needs and problems of families, children and youth with which social welfare services as well as other social programmes are concerned, do not conform to any fixed or immutable pattern. Just as family patterns and family needs evolve partly in response to the challenges óf a dynamic society, so must social welfare services be conceived in a dynamic rather than a static way. In the development of welfare programmes and institutional arrangements, account should be taken of the diversity in the problems accompanying development within each country and even within a particular locality, in order that social welfare programmes might remain continuously responsive to the changing economie and social situation.
(e) Although the production of adequate material resources and an equitable distribution of these resources are essential to improve-ment in family levels of living, the welfare needs of families, children and youth do not necessarily disappear as economie affluence is approached or achieved, nor are all social problems likely to be resolved as economie development goes forward. Indeed, rapid economie development may well produce, in the short run, par-ticularly acute social stresses for the family or particularly insistent social problems requiring special responses in the form of social

welfare programmes that may prove to be inapplicable, or not as applicable, in subsequent stages of development. Experience indicates, in short, that social welfare needs and problems are present at all stages of economie growth; and that social welfare services have a potentially positive role to play at each stage.
4. In different countries and cultures, the required social welfare services are provided differently, depending on such indigenous factors as social values and objectives, the role and structure of government and/or non-governmental organizations, and the availability of material resources and trained manpower. In spite of these differences, the origin, the function and the content of social welfare services are frequently somewhat similar. Social welfare services come into being to meet certain human needs that can no longer be satisfied exclusively on a kinship basis within the extended family or clan, on the informal level of mutual aid among friends and neighbours, or on a religious or ethical basis of voluntary sharing and alms-giving. Social welfare services function, broadly speaking, to support and strengthen the family or, in the event of special circumstances such as death of the bread winner or a natural disaster, to provide appropriate assistance for family members or to arrange a substitute for family life for surviving children. The scope of social welfare embraces such varied programmes and services as: informa-tion and guidance to parents in the care and rearing of children and in improving the atmosphere and conditions in the home and its environment; counselling to families and youth concerning problems of personal and social relationships; advice and assistance to parents and young people in obtaining material aid or in locating and using community services; preventive and/or remedial programmes for groups needing special care, such as homeless and neglected children, the delinquent and the handicapped, migrants, refugees, the elderly, etc; community programmes of an educational, cultural and/or recreational nature for young people and for families; and, in general, social action to assess and interpret the welfare needs of families, children and youth, and to marshall the resources neecssary for their satisfaction.
5. If a nation's social welfare services are to achieve the objectives set for them, if overlapping and duplication are to be avoided and a balanced network of services is to be developed, and if this network is to remain responsive to changing human needs and social conditions, government must take ultimate responsibility for the establishment and evolution of an overall policy in the social welfare field. In a broad sense, what is required is articulation of the nation's social goals and identification of the social programmes and priorities required for their attainment. Specifically, co-ordination in planning, policy and programmes will be necessary at a number of interlocking levels.

(a) The establishment or improvement of welfare services must be related, in the first place, to the major objectives of and programmes for national development. The latter may be relevant to the development of welfare programmes in at least three respects. First, the nature and direction of national development helps to determine the economie and social conditions and to pose the human problems with which particular welfare services will be concerned. Second, the rate of progress in economie and social development helps to determine the extent both of the demand and of the resources available for social welfare programmes. Third, other economie or social measures may be designed, on occasion, to supplement, or to serve as a substitute for, one or more welfare services.
(b) The development of welfare services must be related, in the second place, to programmes and services in closely related fields such as health, housing and education. Services in allied fields may, at times, provide at least a partial substitute for, or may require supplementation by, social welfare programmes. Welfare services are frequently associated at the operating level with programmes or facilities in other social fields. There is often, in any case, sufficiënt similarity, if not overlapping, in theo bjectives and methods of certain social services to require, at the operating level, a substantial measure of programme co-ordination and/or staff co-operation.

(c) Welfare services are affected by, and raust be planned in relation to, the nation's structure of social law and custom dealing with protection of the individual and with personal relationships within the family. Welfare services for families, children and youth and the nation's legal framework are clearly interdependent with respect to such matters as marriage and divorcc, the obligations of family members toward one another, inheritance of property, employ-ment of minors, the nature and extent of the State's responsibility for the care of young children and the regulation of juveniles, and the status and protection of adults who are not competent to manage their own affairs.
(d) The development of social welfare services for families, children and youth must take account, finally, of certain intrinsic requirements within the social welfare field itself. Reference has already been made to the need to establish a national social welfare policy. If this policy is to be realistic, it should include practical arrangements for welfare planning and determination of priorities, for the education and training of required personnel, for the organiza-tion of specific services and their effective co-ordination, for the financing of the total social welfare endeavour, and for the fact-finding and research necessary to efifective planning, administration and continuing evaluation of individual programmes.

6. In social welfare as in other fields, planning clearly takes place at more than one level. Planning is an essential element in the organization and evolution of a single welfare agency or service in a particular neighbourhood or community. Within the boundaries of a municipality or a group of adjacent municipalities, the local network of social welfare services may be planned by local govern-ment and/or by a local welfare council or council of social agencies. Intermediare levels of government frequently have responsibility for the planning of all welfare programmes within their particular jurisdiction. There is, finally, the planning which is required at the national level.
7. In the organization and administration of welfare services, national, intermediate and local, there is often considerable variation within a nation — as well as among nations, — in programme auspices and standards, methods of financing, recruitment and training of personnel and even in timing and priorities. Some diversity in these areas frequently produces, if it is not a prerequisite to, progress in the social welfare field. If such diversity is to be harmonized with national object ives and needs, however, government must take responsibility for the overall development of social welfare programmes, for ensuring adequate financial resources for such programmes, and for the establishment of appropriate planning machinery. Experience indicates that a separate social welfare depart-ment, bureau or agency is likely to be needed at each level of government to carry out the specialized tasks involved.
8. One of the major responsibilities of such a department of social welfare at the national level will be to formulate and keep under continuous review a schedule of national priorities for the establishment or extension of welfare programmes and services. National priorities in the development of welfare services for families, children and youth are inevitably influenced by such factors as the prevailing economic and social philosophy; demographic factors including the growth and age composition of the population, the proportions in rural areas and urban settlements, and the rate and directions of population movement; the nature and extent of specific social problems and human needs; the degree of public support for particular service and the stage of development in other national programmes. Within these broad limits developing nations, in particular, may find it advisable, if not essential, to assign high priority to one or more of the following population groups or welfare programmes:
(a) Those groups whose present or potential contribution to national development is likely to be of vital importance — children and youth; girls and women especially in societies where their role and status are undergoing significant change; individuals and

families migrating to urban areas in search of employment and opportunities for a better life; rural people grappling with radical changes in agricultural technology or living conditions;
(b) Those groups which may be especially vulnerable in a period of rapid development or which may be regarded as having special social or humanitarian claims on the nation — children and young people who lack a normal home life; persons with physical and mental handicaps especially, perhaps disabled war veterans; the ill; the aged and infirm;
(c) Programmes which emphasize prevention rather than highly specialized care or expensive remedial treatment. The appropriate preventive services might include services to support and strengthen family life; group services for women involving instruction in home management, child care and training, health and sanitation, nutri-tion, literacy, etc.; appropriate welfare services for the young child; services for out-of-school youth combining a continuing educational experience, training in specific skills and recreation;
(d) Having in mind the relationship between expanding population and family welfare, family planning programmes where they are compatible with a country's demographic structure and are in harmony with the moral and social values of a particular society; as well as measures designed to enhance national levels of living for growing populations by harnessing continuing advances in technology to the nation's productive processes;
(e) Those social welfare projects and programmes which stimulate citizen initiative and encourage citizen participation, including the participation of youth, in activities designed to enrich the quality of family and community life and to improve the community environment.
9. Effective social welfare services require appropriately trained
and experienced personnel. Consequently, in planning welfare
services for families, children and youth, adequate consideration
should be given alike to probable personnel requirements and to
practical possibilities for related education and training. The deter
mination of personnel requirements is obviously not just a matter
of counting the number of positions to be filled. It also involves some
analysis of the major types of welfare jobs which have been estab-
lished or are envisaged. In most developing countries, the most
pressing personnel needs are likely to be, initially, at two widely
separate levels. One is at the level of direct service to individuals,
groups and communities; the other is at the advanced level of social
policy development, planning, programme administration and social
welfare education.
10. In the early stages of development, the relatively low level of general education and the relatively non-specialized character of most welfare services will alike dictate that most of the training for direct social welfare services should be at a fairly general and elemen-tary level as a basis for the performance of simple functions in multi-purpose programmes or settings. As economic and social development proceeds, more specialized welfare programmes are likely to emerge; greater differentiation in job requirements will become necessary; and more specialized training will be required at a number of different but functionally related levels.61
11. The training of senior social welfare personnel is likely, in the first instance, to pose a more formidable challenge. In a number of developing countries, however, a worth-while start has been made through in-service training, short courses, seminars and similar devices. As experience is gained and resources permit, schools of social work and government training institutes may be established and a variety of more elaborate and extensive training programmes can be developed.
61 For a more extensive analysis of current practice and possible developments in social welfare training, see Training for Social Work—Fourth International Survey (United Nations publication, Sales No.: 65.IV.3); and the report by the Secretary-General on the training of social welfare personnel (E/CN.5/AC.12/L.6).

12. Regardless of the nature or level of the functions they perform or the extent and level of their previous training, social welfare personnel will require opportunities through in-service or similar training arrangements to keep abreast of changing knowledge and evolving social welfare programmes.
13. In a context of scarce resources and multiple needs, develop-ing countries cannot afford to ignore the potential role of volunteers in the operation of their family, child and youth welfare services. Indeed, regardless of the stage of devclopment (or of the particular economic and social system) of a country, volunteers have an important role to play in the initiation and provision of social welfare services. However, if volunteers are to make an effective contribution in the provision of welfare services, various kinds of short-term training should be provided. Volunteers also require, whenever possible, appropriate guidance and direction from qualified paid personnel.
14. Social welfare services are sometimes viewed as an institu tional expression or extension of the kind of undifferentiated helping activity which occurs on a customary basis within the extended family, clan or local community. As specialization in social functions develops and an institutional framework begins to emerge, the related issues of organization and co-ordination assume increasing importance.
15. At the various operating levels, intermediate and local, there are a number of possible approaches to these problems. Staff from allied fields may be assigned to work on a team basis in a particular social programme or with respect to a particular social problem. Services in a number of allied fields may be associated in a single administrative unit or community facility. A welfare council or one or more advisory committees may be established to promote co-operation and co-ordination of effort at the operating level, as well as to encourage the further development of required welfare programmes and other social services.
16. Machinery and arrangements for co-ordination in the field, while important, are not likely to be sufficiënt in themselves. As already indicated, an agency is required with the authority and responsibility, as well as the technical resources, for planning national policy and programmes in social welfare. Channels for communication and co-operative action must be established between this national agency and government departments in allied fields. Above all, perhaps, the effectiveness of organizational arrangements and operating procedures in the field may depend on what might be called the administrative climate. Efforts at programme integration or co-ordination at the operating level may be frustrated by excessive centralization of decision-making, or may founder on the rocks of departmental exclusiveness and/or interdepartmental jealousies in the national government. As professional specialization increases, the difficulties of co-ordination are likely to be augmented unless mutual understanding is promoted through the content of training programmes for related social fields and disciplines.
17. Equal emphasis and attention should be given within the social welfare sector itself to adequate arrangements for co-ordination among governmental and non-governmental programmes at national, intermediate and local levels. While governments should assume the primary responsibility as indicated in paragraphs 5 and 7 above, social planning councils or similar bodies may also play an important role in the planning and co-ordination of non-governmental welfare programmes at all levels, as well as in advising governmental bodies on these matters where appropriate. These bodies frequently include not only interested and informed citizens and representatives of non-governmental welfare services, but representatives of appropriate governmental agencies or departments.
18. Social welfare services for families, children and youth are financed, on occasion, in a variety of specific ways — with the proceeds from earmarked taxes, by government-operated lotteries, through the establishment of a national welfare foundation or trust, by direct charge to the user or indirect taxation of the users' em-ployers, through various forms of voluntary fund-raising, as part of

onc or more social security programmes. Each of these methods is likely to have its own distinctive advantages and its own inherent limitations, depending, in part at least, on tradition, social philo-sophy, structure of government and similar factors, in the particular country. Other things being equal, however, the financing of government welfare programmes out of general revenues is, in practice as well as in theory, the most satisfactory approach.
19. If the tax system is inefficient or inadequate, a developing country may have no alternative other than to reserve most of its general revenues for programmes receiving a higher priority and to have recourse, in the short-run at least, to other methods of financing specific welfare and other social services. It should be recognized, on the other hand, that the planning and financing of welfare programmes should involve value judgments not only concerning priorities among competing social problems or needs, but also concerning alternative ways of distributing the financial burden. The financing of specific services from sources other than general government revenues tends to obscure where it does not avoid, these fundamental issues by elirninating the necd for pcriodic appropria-tions and the opportunily for periodic review of programmes.
20. Most developing countries do not have the financial resources, the skilled manpower or the required facilities to undertake elaborate and extensive research in the field of social welfare. Nor in the early stages of programme development is such research likely to be necessary. Evidcnce of the need for new welfare services may be obvious to all, or may, at most, require a simple survey of the most pressing family and community problems. An inventory of existing facilities and services may also reveal major areas of un-met needs, as well as provide the groundwork for planning a co-ordinated network of welfare programmes. If an adequate system of record-keeping is built into each new service and arrangements are made for compiling statistical and other operational data at the national level, some of the raw material required for more systematic study and analysis will begin to emerge concurrently with the capacity to make use of it effectively through a planned research programme and to apply the results appropriately in the further development of welfare policy and specific services. Programme evaluation and assessment must, in most cases, evolve in a somewhat similar fashion, beginning with individual or collective judgment based on experience and readily available information, and gradually becoming more systematic and sophisticated as the required administrative framework and procedures are developed.
21. In the evaluation of services as in other kinds of programme research, an outside consultant may be helpful in assessing the present level of performance and in suggesting procedural or substantive improvements. Assistance of this sort cannot, however, provide an adequate substitute either for the continuous fact-finding required for effective day-to-day administration of welfare services or for the gradual development of adequate research facilities and competence as an essential component of programme planning.
H
TRAINING OF SOCIAL WELFARE PERSONNEL62
The Economic and Social Council,
Having considered the report of the Secretary-General on the training of social welfare personnel63 and the comments of the Social Commission and its ad hoc Working Group on Social Welfare thereon,64
"'' Official Records of the Economie and Social Council, Thirty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 12 (E/4061), Chapter VI. 63 E/CN.5/AC.12/L.6. 64 E/CN.S/395.

Recognizing the rapidly expanding need for trained social welfare personnel and that appropriate training of such personnel is a key consideration in maximizing the contribution of the social welfare field to the development of human resources and raising the levels of living,
Noting the growing acceptance of social work as a distinctive discipline and as the primary element in social welfare training, as well as the widening role and in-creasing responsibilities of trained social workers in social welfare programmes and in related services in allied fields,
1. Commends the report of the Secretary-General and its comprehensive review of the trends and problems in the development of social welfare training programmes and the possibilities outlined for practical approaches to meeting the urgent needs for social welfare personnel particularly in developing countries, as well as the suggestions contained in chapter III for future programme developments in this field;
2. Endorses the guidelines contained in the Secretary-General's report 65 for the further development, over the next five years, of the training component of the United Nations social welfare programme;
3. Requests the Secretary-General:

(a) To make the report on training of social welfare personnel available to Member States, drawing their attention particularly to chapter V containing suggestions for national action in the progressive development of social welfare training programmes, and also to the specialized agencies concerned and interested non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council;
(b) To include among the projects and activities to be given priority during the United Nations Development Decade those designed for the further development of the training component of the United Nations social welfare programme taking into account the guidelines referred to in paragraph 2 above and the particular needs of developing countries for trained personnel in this field;
(c) To give priority to assistance to developing countries in the establishment and expansion of social welfare training programmes realistically adapted to local circumstances and social welfare manpower requirements, and particularly to assistance for social welfare training programmes for teachers and trainers, personnel for key positions in planning, policy development and adminis-tration, and for auxiliary-social welfare workers;
(d) To undertake, as a basis for the preparation of the fifth quadrennial international report on training social welfare personnel, a systematic study of new approaches and experiments in social welfare training, enlisting the co-operation of interested Governments and, as appropriate, non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council actively interested in this field.
1395th plenary meeting, 30 July 1965.
65 E/CN.5/AC.12/L.6, para. 46, b.

I
REAPPRAISAL OF THE UNITED NATIONS SOCIAL SERVICE PROGRAMME66
The Economie and Social Council,
Having considered the report of the Secretary-General on the reappraisal of the United Nations social service programme,67 the report on the United Nations social service research and publication programme,88 and the comments of the Social Commission and its ad hoc Group on Social Welfare thereon,69
Recalling its own resolution 975 G (XXXVI) of 1 August 1963 authorizing the convening of an ad hoc Group on Social Welfare to report to the Social Commission its findings as to ways in which the United Nations social service programme would be organized and strengthened to make a maximum contribution to mobilization of human resources during the United Nations Development Decade,
1. Commends the reappraisal report of the Secretary-General which clearly portrays major trends and issues in the United Nations social welfare programme;
2. Endorses the view that social welfare has an essential role in the development efforts of nations, and that the United Nations social welfare programme should be strengthened to make its maximum contribution to national development;
3. Approves the programme proposals described in paragraph 32 of the reappraisal report which emphasize broad social welfare programmes of a developmental type and provide the basic components for a United Nations policy for social welfare;
4. Emphasizes the need, as presented in the reappraisal report and supported by the ad hoc Working Group, for the study and analysis of national experience in social welfare planning and administration as the basis for the development of guidelines useful to Governments;
5. Recommends that emphasis be placed on an organizational level for social welfare in the United Nations which will facilitate carrying out functions of leadership, programme development, research, and technical assistance in social welfare;
6. Urges that consideration be given by the appropriate authorities of the United Nations, as soon as pos-sible, to the question of the need for substantial increases in the social welfare staff, both at Headquarters and in the regional economic commissions, and in resources for advisory social welfare services in order to provide adequately for the expanding United Nations social welfare programmes, to meet the requests of Member States for such services, to ensure the essential supporting technical services for co-operation with the United Nations Children's Fund, and to co-operate, as appropriate, with multilateral and regional organizations.
1395th plenary meeting,
30 July 1965.
66 Official Records of the Economie and Social Council, Thirty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 12 (E/4061), Chapter VI.
67 E/CN.5/AC.12/L.3. 68 E/CN.5/AC.12/L.5. 69 E/CN.5/395.

J
YOUTH AND NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 70
The Economie and Social Council,
Noting the emphasis given to the younger generation in programmes for the mobilization of human resources to achieve the objectives of the United Nations Development Decade, as set out in the Secretary-General's proposals for action,71
Recognizing that it is the young people of all nations and especially youth in the developing countries who are particularly affected by economic and social development programmes,
Considering the importance of treating the needs of youth as part of plans and programmes for the well-being and advancement of the family and the community as a whole,
Noting that the activities of the United Nations, including the United Nations Children's Fund, and the specialized agencies in several fields are of clear relevance to the welfare, education, physical and cultural development, and social participation of young people,
1. Recommends that Governments, in formulating their development plans and establishing institutional arrangements for their implementation, should take fully into account the needs of young people and their role in national development, and also the social defence of their vocation and equality of opportunity to develop and use their abilities;
2. Recommends further that Governments consider, as a matter of priority, appropriate policies and measures for combating unemployment and under-employment among young people and on enabling them to participate in services to their communities in accordance with their vocation and abilities;
3. Requests the Secretary-General, in co-operation with the United Nations Children's Fund and the specialized agencies, to give due attention, inter alia, by pro-viding the services of advisers at inter-regional, regional and country levels, to:
(o) AssistingGovernments, at their request, on questions of planning for the younger generation in the context of overall development programmes and on policies and programmes for the welfare, protection, education, both in and out of school, vocational guidance and training and advancement of youth, including measures aimed at increasing the quality and scope of participation by youth in national development;
(b) Encouraging the participation of appropriate non-governmental organizations having consultative status with the Economie and Social Council, or the specialized agencies concerned with youth and voluntary service by young people, so that their experience, competence and facilities may be utilized to the fullest extent in the interest of youth;
70 Official Records of the Economie and Social Council, Thirty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 12 (E/4061), Chapter. VI. 71 United Nations publication, Sales No.: 62.11.B.2.

(c) Facilitating co-operation with bilateral and appropriate multilateral programmes interested in providing assistance to developing countries in the field of youth;
4. Requests the Secretary-General to consider whether additional resources may be necessary to strengthen the capacity of the United Nations to assist Governments in this field and invites the United Nations Children's Fund to continue its assistance for this purpose.
1395th plenary meeting, 30 July 1965.
K
REHABILITATION OF THE DISABLED 72
The Economie and Social Council,
Recalling its resolution 309 E (XI) of 13 July 1950 and the resolution adopted by the Social Commission at its eighth session on the rehabilitation of the handicapped,73
Noting the progress that has been made in the field of rehabilitation as a result of the activities of the United Nations, the specialized agencies and non-governmental organizations interested in the social, medical and vocational rehabilitation of the disabled,
Noting further the continuing importance of Recom-mendation 99 concerning vocational rehabilitation of the disabled, adopted by the International Labour Organisa-tion in 1955,
Welcoming the resolution adopted by the thirteenth session of the General Conference of the United Nations, Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization in 1964, requesting the Director-General to give increased attention to the education of handicapped persons,
1. Calls upon Member States to accord rehabilitation services, especially the training of personnel, an appropriate place in their social programmes and draws attention to the usefulness, particularly in developing countries, of taking full account of possibilities for the establishment and extension of basic services for the disabled as part of their social programmes;
2. Requests the United Nations, the specialized agencies and interested non-governmental organizations to expand their activities in the field of rehabilitation within their priorities and available resources, in order to contribute to social and economie progress through improved quality and effectiveness of services to the disabled.
1395th plenary meeting, 30 July 1965.
L
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE DECLARATION OF THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD
The Economie and Social Council,
Reaffirming the great importance of the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, adopted in 1959,74
72 Official Records of the Economie and Social Council, Thirtv-ninlh Session, Supplement No. 12 (E/4061), Chapter VIl.
73 Ibid... Fourteenth Session, Supplement No. 9 (E/2305), para. 52. 74 General Assembly resolution 1386 (XIV) of 20 November 1959.

Drawing attention to the fact that, although almost six years have passed since the adoption of the Declaration, in many countries little progress is observed towards meeting the urgent needs of children, and that children continue to suffer from hunger, disease and other social and economie ills, and are deprived of other rights set forth in the Declaration of the Rights of the Child,
1. Calls upon the Governments of Member States and also upon the specialized agencies, the United Nations Children's Fund and non-governmental organizations to take the necessary steps to ensure the speediest possible implementation of this Declaration and to give attention to the inclusion in programmes of social development of all necessary provision for the needs of children;
2. Requests the Social Commission to consider at its seventeenth session in connexion with the re-examination of the Commission's role in the framework of the United Nations programmes, and taking account of the views of the United Nations Children's Fund, the question of the adequacy of the provision for the needs of children in programmes of social development.
1395th plenary meeting'' 30 July 1965-
M
PLANNING OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
The Economic and Social Council,
Having considered the Secretary-General's report on methods of determining the appropriate allocation of resources to the various social sectors at the different stages of economie development of the countries of the world,75 prepared in accordance with its resolution 903 B (XXXIV) of 2 August 1962,
Referring to General Assembly resolutions 1392 (XIV) of 20 November 1959 and 1916 (XVIII) of 5 December 1963 on the inter-relationship of the economie and social factors of development, and to its own resolution 903 B (XXXIV) on planning for balanced economie and social development,
Considering the necessity of planning for speedy and co-ordinated economie and social development and the interest of the majority of countries in the study of planning problems and in obtaining practical assistance in this field,
Recognizing the importance which this and subsequent reports and studies may have, particularly for the develop-ing countries, in evolving their policies,
Noting that the Secretary-General's report is a useful attempt to describe the various methods of planning social development which are used in practice,
1. Requests the Secretary-General to prepare further studies of this question, making a more detailed analysis and drawing more far-reaching conclusions, taking account of the various systems of planning for social development;
75 E/CN.5/387.

2. Recommends that the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development and the Economie Projections and Programming Centre, among other bodies, as well as experts representing countries with different social and economie systems should be invited to participate in the preparation of these studies to the greatest possible extent;
3. Recommends that the Social Commission should consider a report by the Secretary-General on the above-mentioned studies at its eighteenth session.
1395th plenary meeting, 30 July 1965.
1084 (XXXIX). Work programmes and priorities in population flelds 76
The Economie and Social Council,
Recalling General Assembly resolution 1838 (XVII) of 18 December 1962 on population growth and economie development and Council resolutions 933 C (XXXV) of 5 April 1963 on intensification of demographic studies, research and training and 1048 (XXXVII) of 15 August 1964 on population growth and economie and social development,
Bearing in mind the problems in the economie and social development of developing countries associated with the growth and structure of population and migration from the countryside to the cities,
Recalling the concern with these problems expressed in the responses of many Governments of developing countries to the inquiry among Governments on problems resulting from the interaction of economie development and population changes 77 carried out in accordance with the above-mentioned resolution of the General Assembly,
Taking note of the views expressed by the Population Commission in the report of its thirteenth session 78 on population growth and economie and social development and on possibilities of assisting Governments of developing countries in dealing with population problems, and in particular the Population Commission's recom-mendations on the long-range programme of work of the United Nations and the specialized agencies in the population fields,
Being aware that many countries lack technical per-sonnel with specialized training in population questions and facilities for training national technicians,
Considering that there is a need to intensify and extend the scope of the work of the United Nations and the specialized agencies relating to population questions,
1. Endorses the recommendations of the Population Commission in the report of its thirteenth session on the long-range programme of work in the fields of population, including its recommendations with regard to the increase and improvement of demographic statistics, the strength-
76 Official Records of the Economie and Social Council, Thirty-ninth Session, Supplement No. 9 (E/4019), paras. 105-117.
77 Ibid., Thirty-seventh Session, Annexes, agenda item 21, docu-ments E/3895/Rev.l and Corr.1 and Add.1. 78 See footnote 76.